High-Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensor Based on a Cascaded Core-Offset and Macrobending Single-Mode Fiber Interferometer

Introduction

The measurement of liquid refractive index (RI) plays an important role in many areas, such as food safety, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnosis. Optical fiber-based RI sensors have the advantages of immunity to electromagnetic interference, compact size, high sensitivity, fast response, resistant to corrosion, and available for remote sensing (Li et al., 2017a; Li et al., 2017b). To date, many kinds of optical fiber-based RI sensors have been proposed, for example, the optical fiber Bragg grating-based RI sensor (Tian et al., 2019), the optical fiber surface plasmon resonance-based RI sensor (Zhao et al., 2014), the optical fiber long-period grating-based RI sensor (Zhao et al., 2020), and so on. For fabricating the fiber gratings, the phase masks and photolithographic procedures are needed to be implemented, and a metal coating process is required for the surface plasmon resonance-based RI sensors; however, these fabrication processes are costly and time consuming. In the recent years, the in-line fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) have attracted more and more attention due to their advantages of low cost and easy fabrication. Various configurations of fiber-based MZIs have been reported including the two core-offset fiber structure (Tian and Yam, 2009), the two tapered fiber structure (Wang et al., 2016), the two peanut fiber structure (Wu et al., 2012), the two microcavities fiber structure (Wang et al., 2009b), and so on. However, the sensitivities for these structures-based RI sensors are not high enough; although by reducing the fiber diameter via chemically etching or tapering could improve the sensitivity (Huang et al., 2008; Gao et al., 2013), this makes the sensor fragile and significantly reduces the mechanical strength of the sensors.

Bending optical fiber is a simple and effective method to fabricate optical fiber RI sensors, which could achieve high sensitivity and maintain the good mechanical strength. Recently, several bent single-mode fiber-based RI sensors have been presented (Wang et al., 2009a; Ladicicco et al., 2011; Zhang and Peng, 2015a; Zhang and Peng, 2015b; Zhang et al., 2015; Fang et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2016; Gong et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2019). Wang et al. (2009a) proposed an intensity demodulated RI sensor based on the macrobending single-mode fiber; however, the intensity demodulated sensor is easily affected by the fluctuation of light source and the external environments. Later, some wavelength demodulated RI sensors based on the bent fiber were proposed. Zhang and Peng, (2015b) presented an optical fiber refractometer by using the leaky-mode interference from bent fiber, and its sensitivity reached 204 nm/RIU. In the same year, the same group employed two U-shaped structure fibers with different macrobending radii to realize a dual-channel optical fiber refractometer, and the RI sensitivity can reach 245 nm/RIU (Zhang and Peng, 2015a). Liu et al., (2016) proposed a balloon-like fiber interferometer for RI and temperature measurement, and the RI sensitivity reached 225.95 nm/RIU. Yu et al. (2019) improved the sensitivity of the core-offset fiber structure MZI by bending, and a sensitivity of 358.039 nm/RIU was obtained. Besides, in order to realize the temperature compensation, some researchers introduced the grating structure to the bent fiber-based refractometer (Zhang et al., 2015; Gong et al., 2017).

In this research, a high-sensitivity optical fiber interferometer based on the cascaded core-offset and macrobending fiber structure is proposed and demonstrated. An MZI is proposed for RI sensing by cascading a core-offset and a macrobending structure fiber with a selected macrobending radius. The liquid RI can be measured by monitoring the spectral shift of the modal interference. The RI sensing performances for the sensor probes with different macrobending radii and core offsets are investigated experimentally. The results show that a sensitivity of 699.95 nm/RIU can be achieved for the probe with a 2 μm core offset and 5.5 mm macrobending radius when the RI is 1.43. And, in the temperature range of 35–65°C, a temperature sensitivity of 0.112 nm/°C is obtained. The sensor proposed has the advantages of high sensitivity, simple configuration, easy fabrication, and low cost.

Sensor Structure and Operation Principle

The schematic illustration of the sensor structure is shown in Figure 1. A commercial, standard single-mode fiber is used to fabricate the cascaded core-offset and macrobending structure. The core-offset structure was fabricated by splicing two fibers with some core offset and packaged in a heated shrinkable tube. Then, the packaged core-offset fiber was inserted and fixed into another shrinkable tube; by putting the other end of the fiber into the tube as well, the macrobending structure can be formed. As shown in Figure 1, R is the macrobending radius, H is the distance between the macrobending top and the shrinkable tube end, and the value of H varies with R. To improve the interference visibility and the interaction between the measured liquid and optical signal, the coating of the bending section of the fiber should be stripped off. The core-offset structure of single-mode fiber could split the light into two parts: one of them is the fundamental core mode propagating in the fiber core and the other one is the cladding modes propagating in the fiber cladding; the different optical paths of the residual core mode and cladding modes could form an intermodal MZI. The transmission spectrum of the interferometer is simply expressed as that of a two-mode interference:

$\mathit{I}={\mathit{I}}_{\mathbf{c}\mathbf{o}}+{\mathit{I}}_{\mathbf{c}\mathbf{l}}+2\sqrt{{\mathit{I}}_{\mathbf{c}\mathbf{o}}{\mathit{I}}_{\mathbf{c}\mathbf{l}}}\cos \varphi ,(1)$

where $I$ is the light intensity of the output light, $I_{\text{co}}$ and $I_{\text{cl}}$ are the intensities of the core and cladding mode, respectively, and $\varphi$ is the phase difference of the two interference modes, which can be expressed as

$\varphi =\frac{2\mathit{\pi }({\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{co}}-{\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{cl}}){\mathit{L}}_{\mathit{eff}}\mathit{ }}{\mathit{\lambda }},(2)$

where n_co and n_cl are the effective RIs of the optical fiber core and cladding, respectively, L_eff is the effective length of the two mode interference paths, which depends on the fiber length of coating-stripped region after the core-offset structure, and λ is the wavelength in vacuum. When ϕ = (2i + 1) π, i is a positive integer, the interference dip appears, and the wavelength dip can be expressed as

${\mathit{\lambda }}_{\mathit{i}}=\frac{2({\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{co}}-{\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{cl}}){\mathit{L}}_{\mathit{eff}}\mathit{ }}{2\mathit{i}+1}.(3)$

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. The schematic illustration of the sensor structure.

From Eq. 3, it can be seen that for the fixed interference path length, the position of the interference dip depends on the effective RI difference between the core and the cladding mode. When the external environment RI changes, the effective RI of the cladding mode will change, while the effective RI of the fiber core mode will not change, which will lead to the change in the position of the wavelength dip. Therefore, the liquid RI can be detected by monitoring the changes of the wavelength dip.

Experiments and Discussion

The schematic of the experiment setup is shown in Figure 2. A broadband light source (ASE) (A-0002, HOYATEC, Shenzhen, China) with the wavelength range of 1525–1610 nm was connected into the fiber input end (near the core-offset port), and an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) (AQ6370D, YOKOGAWA, Tokyo, Japan) with a highest spectral resolution of 0.02 nm was used to record the transmission spectrum. By varying the concentration of glycerin, the water-glycerin solutions with different RIs of 1.34–1.43 and step of 0.01 were prepared as the measured liquids, and the RIs were measured by using an Abbe refractometer. The experiment was performed at the room temperature of 25 °C, and the whole macrobending structure was immersed into the measured liquid when the experiment was carried out.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. The schematic of the experiment setup.

Figure 3 shows the transmission spectra of the individual core-offset structure fiber, the individual macrobending structure fiber with a selected macrobending radius, and the cascaded structure fiber immersed in deionized water. From Figure 3, it is found that there is an obvious wavelength dip at 1563.5 nm with a resonance depth of about 22 dB on the transmission spectrum for the cascaded core-offset and macrobending structure; however, the wavelength dips are not obvious for the individual core-offset or the individual macrobending structure fiber with the same macrobending radius. This is because that for the individual core-offset structure, only a few of the cladding modes power couple with the core mode, and for the individual bending structure with the macrobending radius of 5.5 mm, the power of the cladding modes is small, which will reduce the visibility of the resonance dip.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. Spectra of the individual core-offset structure, the individual macrobending structure with a selected macrobending radius, and the cascaded structure immersed in deionized water.

Figure 4 shows the RI sensing performances for the probe with 2 μm core-offset and different macrobending radii of 3.6, 4.7, and 5.5 mm, respectively. It can be seen that as the RI increases, the wavelength dip has a red shift, and as the macrobending radius decreases, some more wavelength dips will appear, and the transmission loss will increase. This is because that as the macrobending radius decreases, more cladding modes will generate and recouple back to the fiber core, interfering with the fundamental core mode. It can be also seen that the intensity of spectra dip changes with the environment RI; they show a similar trend of increase first and then decrease. This may be because that the power of the dominant cladding mode which couples with the core mode increases first and decreases later as the environment RI increases. Therefore, the intensity demodulation can be also implemented to the proposed sensor in some certain RI range. Figure 4D shows the wavelength dip shifts as a function of the measured RIs; it is found that the wavelength changes nonlinear with the RI increases for all the probes. The sensitivity S can be determined as

$\mathit{S}=\frac{\Delta \mathit{\lambda }}{\Delta \mathit{n}},(4)$

where Δλ is the changes of the wavelength and Δn is the changes of liquid RI. By polynomial fitting, a high sensitivity of 699.95 nm/RIU can be achieved when the RI is 1.43 for the probe with the macrobending radius of 5.5 mm, which is higher than those in the reports of (Zhang and Peng, 2015a; Zhang and Peng, 2015b; Zhang et al., 2015a; Liu et al., 2016; Yu et al., 2019). This is because that the core-offset structure could excite the higher order cladding modes, which are more sensitive to the environment RI.

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. The RI sensing performances for the probe with 2 μm core offset and different macrobending radii of 3.6 (A), 4.7 (B), and 5.5 mm (C), respectively; (D) the wavelength shifts as a function of the measurement RIs.

In order to determine the cladding modes that construct the interference, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the wavelength spectrum is performed to get its corresponding spatial frequency spectrum for the cascaded structure fiber probe in different environment RI. The core-offset and the macrobending radius for the probe are 2 μm and 5.5 mm, respectively. As shown in Figure 5A, there is a dominant cladding mode contributing to the interference spectrum, whose peak presents at 0.02 nm⁻¹, and there are some other peaks present at about 0.04, 0.07, and 0.09 nm⁻¹ when the environment RI is 1.34–1.36. It can be also found that the amplitude of the dominant cladding mode peak increases as the RI increases from 1.34 to 1.36. Figure 5B shows the spatial frequency spectrum when the environment RI is 1.38–1.40. It can be seen that the dominant cladding mode disappears, and some new peaks appear at about 0.06 and 0.08 nm⁻¹ when the environment RIs are 1.38 and 1.39, and the amplitude for the peak of 1.38 is larger than that of 1.39. When the environment RI is 1.40, the locations of the peaks are different from the situations of 1.38 and 1.39, and the height of the peak becomes lower.

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5. Spatial frequency spectrum of the cascaded structure fiber probe with the core-offset of 2 μm and macrobending of 5.5 mm in different environment RI.

The influence of the core offset on the RI sensing performance is tested experimentally. Figure 6A shows the transmission spectra of the probes with different core offset of 2, 8, and 12 μm and the same macrobending radius of 5.5 mm in water. It can be seen that the probes with core offsets of 8 and 12 μm have a better visibility of the wavelength dip than that of the probe with core offset of 2 μm. Figures 6B,C show the RI sensing performances for the probes with core offsets of 8 and 12 μm in the RI range of 1.34–1.43, respectively. It can be seen from Figures 6B,C that as the RI increases, both of the wavelength dips have a red shift; however, for the liquid RI of 1.43, the wavelength dip cannot be determined precisely for the probes with core offsets of 8 and 12 μm. This may be because that a larger core offset will introduce more transmission loss. It can be also found that the intensity dip for the probe with the core offset of 8 μm has an obvious change in the RI range of 1.35–1.38; after a linear fit, a sensitivity of 366.78 dB/RIU is obtained, which is much higher than that reported in the literature (Liu et al., 2016). The wavelength dip shifts as a function of the measured RIs for the probes with different core offsets are shown in Figure 6D.

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 6. (A) The transmission spectra of the probes with the macrobending radius of 5.5 mm and different core offsets in water; the RI sensing performance for the probe with the core-offset of 8 μm (B) and 12 μm (C); (D) the wavelength shifts as a function of the measurement RIs.

The temperature influence for the probe was also tested. Figure 7 shows the temperature dependence for the probe with the core offset of 2 μm and macrobending radius of 3 mm. The experiment was carried out when the probe was immerged into the water bath with temperature changes from 65 to 35 °C, and the data of the transmission spectrum were recorded every 5 °C. A thermometer was used to monitor the temperature around the probe in real time. It can be seen from Figure 7A that as the temperature decreases, the wavelength dip shows a blue shift. Figure 7B shows the wavelength shifts as a function of the temperature variations; from a linear fit, it can be obtained that the temperature sensitivity is 0.112 nm/°C. The temperature sensitivity may be due to the thermal optic effects of the probe and measured liquid.

FIGURE 7

FIGURE 7. The transmission spectrum of the probe in water with the temperature variations of 65–35°C (A) and the wavelength shifts as a function of the temperature variations (B).

Figure 8A shows a reversed cycled RI measurement for the sensor with a core-offset of 3 μm and macrobending radius of 5.5 mm. It can be seen that the dip wavelength shifted to the shorter wavelengths when RI decreased. It can also be seen that most of the measured data are almost the same, which indicates the hysteresis for the sensor is small. Figure 8B shows the stability test results for this probe in deionized water; the data were recorded every 10 min; it can be seen that the stability of the sensor is good.

FIGURE 8

FIGURE 8. The hysteresis (A) and stability (B) testes for the probe with a core-offset of 3 μm and macrobending radius of 5.5 mm.

Table 1 shows the performance comparisons of the proposed fiber RI sensor with some of the fiber-based RI sensors referenced in this research. It shows that the proposed fiber RI sensor in this investigation has a comparable sensitivity and a larger measurement range.

TABLE 1

TABLE 1. A comparison between the proposed fiber RI sensor and other fiber-based RI sensors.

Conclusion

In this research, a high-sensitivity RI sensor based on the cascaded core-offset and macrobending structure fiber MZI has been presented. The measurement RI can be detected by monitoring the shift of the wavelength dip. The RI sensing performances for the probes with different macrobending radii and core offsets are investigated experimentally. Experimental results show that the wavelength dip changes nonlinear with the RI variations. The results also show that as the macrobending radius decreases, the transmission loss will increase, and the RI measurement range will decrease for the probes with the macrobending radius of 5.5 mm and core offsets of 8 and 12 μm. When the core offset is 2 μm and the macrobending radius is 5.5 mm, the sensitivity of 699.95 nm/RIU is achieved for the RI of 1.43. The experimental results also show that the intensity demodulation can be also implemented to the proposed sensor in some certain RI range, and when the core offset is 8 μm and the macrobending radius is 5.5 mm, a high sensitivity of 366.78 dB/RIU is obtained in the RI range of 1.35–1.38. Finally, the temperature dependence, the hysteresis, and the stability of the sensor probe are analyzed. From the experiment, a temperature sensitivity of 0.112 nm/°C is obtained, the hysteresis for the sensor is small, and the sensor has a good stability.

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Author Contributions

CT was responsible for conceptualization; CT, YZ, and FY were involved in formal analysis; CT and FY performed investigation; LY and YC were responsible for resources; CT and YZ were responsible for visualization; CT, YZ, and SD wrote original draft; CT and SD wrote, reviewed, and edited the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, grant no. 2019YFB2203903; National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant nos. 61805050, 61965009, 61975038, 61827819, 61735009, 61964005, and 61705050; and National Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi, grant nos. 2018GXNSFBA281148 and 2019GXNSFBA245057.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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