AUTHOR=Boccardi Virginia , Westman Eric , Pelini Luca , Lindberg Olof , Muehlboeck J-Sebastian , Simmons Andrew , Tarducci Roberto , Floridi Piero , Chiarini Pietro , Soininen Hilkka , Kloszewska Iwona , Tsolaki Magda , Vellas Bruno , Spenger Christian , Wahlund Lars-Olof , Lovestone Simon , Mecocci Patrizia 

TITLE=Differential Associations of IL-4 With Hippocampal Subfields in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

VOLUME=Volume 10 - 2018

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/aging-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00439

DOI=10.3389/fnagi.2018.00439

ISSN=1663-4365

ABSTRACT=Background/Aims:  A bi-directional communication between the immune system and the central nervous system has been recently suggested. Among many cytokines, the role of IL-4 - with anti-inflammatory properties- in counteracting age-related inflammatory changes in the brain is strongly supported among studies. With this study, we aimed at investigating the association between volumetric measures of hippocampal subregions -in healthy older controls (HC), subjects affected by mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s Disease  (AD)- with circulating levels of IL-4. 
Methods: From AddNeuroMed Project 113 HC, 101 stable MCI (sMCI), 22 converter MCI (cMCI) and 119 AD were included. Hippocampal subfield volumes were analyzed using Freesurfer 6.0.0 on high-resolution sagittal 3D-T1W MP-RAGE acquisitions. Plasmatic IL-4 was measured using ELISA assay.  
Results: IL-4 was found to be a) positively associate with left subiculum volume  (β=0.226, p=0.037) in sMCI and b) negatively associate with left subiculum volume (β=-0.253, p=0.011) and left presubiculum volume (β=-0.257, p=0.011) in AD.  
Conclusion: Our results indicate a potential neuroprotective effect of IL-4 on the areas of the hippocampus more vulnerable to aging and neurodegeneration.