AUTHOR=Tzeng Ray-Chang , Yang Yu-Wan , Hsu Kai-Cheng , Chang Hsin-Te , Chiu Pai-Yi 

TITLE=Sum of boxes of the clinical dementia rating scale highly predicts conversion or reversion in predementia stages

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

VOLUME=Volume 14 - 2022

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/aging-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2022.1021792

DOI=10.3389/fnagi.2022.1021792

ISSN=1663-4365

ABSTRACT=Background: The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale is commonly used to diagnose dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The sum of boxes of the CDR (CDR-SB) has recently been emphasized and applied to interventional trials for tracing the progression of cognitive impairment in the early stages of AD. We aimed to study the influence of baseline CDR-SB on disease progression to dementia or reversion to normal cognition.
Methods: The baseline CDR <1 cohort registered from September 2015 to August 2020 with longitudinal follow-up in the History-based Artificial Intelligence Clinical Dementia Diagnostic System database was retrospectively analyzed for the rates of conversion to CDR ≥1. A Cox regression model was applied to study the influence of CDR-SB levels on progression, adjusting for age, education, sex, neuropsychological tests, neuropsychiatric symptoms, parkinsonism, and multiple vascular risk factors.
Results: A total of 1827 participants were analyzed, including 1258 (68.9%) non-converters and 569 (31.1%) converters with mean follow-up of 2.1 (range 0.4–5.5) and 1.8 (range 0.3–5.0) years, respectively. Conversion rates increased with increasing CDR-SB scores. Compared to a CDR-SB score of 0, the hazard ratios (HR) for conversion to dementia were 1.51, 1.91, 2.58, 2.13, 3.46, 3.85, 3.19, 5.12, and 5.22 for CDR-SB scores of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and ≥4.5, respectively (all p < 0.05 except for CDR-SB score = 0.5). In addition, older age, lower education, lower cognitive performance, and a history of diabetes also increased conversion rates. Furthermore, reversions to normal cognition were 12.5%, 5.6%, 0.9%, and 0% for CDR-SB scores of 0.5, 1.0–2.0, 2.5–3.5 and ≥4.0, respectively (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: CDR-SB in predementia or very mild dementia stages highly predicts progression to dementia or reversion to normal cognition. Therefore, CDR-SB could be a good candidate for tracing the effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in populations without dementia.