<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
    <rss version="2.0">
      <channel xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/">
        <title>Frontiers in Animal Science | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/animal-science</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Animal Science | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-05-14T05:30:44.276+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1807896</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1807896</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Livelihood resilience of smallholder livestock farmers in the face of climate change in Fiji]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Philip Obaigwa Sagero</author><author>Vandana Devi</author><author>Royford Magiri</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Smallholder livestock farming in Fiji, a cornerstone of rural livelihoods and food security. However, is increasingly threatened by climate change-induced cyclones, droughts, floods, sea level rise and rising disease pressures. This study assessed the climate resilience of 270 smallholder livestock farmers across six sites representing Fiji’s major agro-ecological zones (Tailevu, Naitasiri, Sigatoka, Rakiraki, Labasa, and Seaqaqa) using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) and a Participatory Resilience Index based on five capital assets: human, social, physical, financial, and natural. Results revealed uniformly low resilience (0.172–0.241), with the lowest scores recorded in the sugarcane belt of Sigatoka, Rakiraki, Labasa, and Seaqaqa, where the collapse of the sugarcane industry has left farmers with low alternative source of income, poor rural roads, limited veterinary services, degraded pastures, and limited market access. Social and physical capitals were the most deficient across all sites, while financial capital performed relatively better in the wetter zones of Tailevu and Naitasiri, where livestock farming thrives as a result of social capital, such as that provided by Fiji Cooperative Dairy Company Ltd (FCDCL), that enable them to access government subsidies, low interest credit services and access market through a milk collection chilling plant that is close to farmers and the potential alternative income from root crop farming such as cassava and Dalo (arrowroots). The Binary Probit Regression revealed that membership in farmers cooperatives, secure fencing, on-farm water harvesting, access to credit, and presence of animal feed were the strongest predictors of both short-term coping (odds ratios 1.88–2.46) and long-term adaptation (odds ratios 1.71–2.33). Farmers ranked animal diseases, absence of improved breeds, low prices of livestock products, and lack of reliable markets as the major barriers to adaptation, while strongly endorsing training, extension services, and climate information as key enablers. Interventions are needed to break the low resilience trap driven by aging and declining farmer population as well as the contraction of alternative income sources such as sugar cane farming. There is an urgent need for balanced, multi-capital interventions particularly organizing farmers in all areas into co-operatives, investing in low-cost physical infrastructure such silvopastoral system and the reduction of price of animal feed through government subsidies. Such interventions are essential for building a climate resilient livestock sector capable of supporting Fiji’s rural livelihoods, food and nutrition security.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1809412</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1809412</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Edible plants in the Basellaceae family as potential supplemental functional feed ingredients for monogastric animals]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Arianna Sadiyah Jahoor</author><author>Kegan Romelle Jones</author>
        <description><![CDATA[An integrative review of the existing literature surrounding plants in the Basellaceae family was conducted. The major cultivated species of this family, Basella alba (B. alba), Ullucus tuberosus (U. tuberosus), and Anredera cordifolia (A. cordifolia), were evaluated as potential functional feed ingredients that can diversify livestock feeding strategies and address production challenges within the Neotropics. Utilizing alternative plant species as functional feed supplements can remediate challenges to livestock production such as overreliance on imported feed ingredients, antibacterial resistance, and competition between human and animal food sources. As such, this review summarised the nutraceutical properties of the identified plant species and correlated these findings with their potential to advance Neotropical livestock production. Fifty-eight journal articles were reviewed in this paper. The results yielded a taxonomic outline of 19 plant species in the Basellaceae family, followed by a summary of the phytochemical and nutritional profiles of the three main species. The functional food attributes associated with the bioactive compounds of each species were also outlined. Finally, the potential of each species in monogastric animal feeding and nutrition was discussed at length, relating its application to current challenges of the livestock industry. The literature suggests that all species contain notable phytochemical and medicinal attributes. The feasibility of B. alba in regional livestock feeding is great; however, U. tuberosus is limited by its climatic condition requirements. Anredera cordifolia holds potential as an anti-inflammatory supplement. Species of the Basellaceae family provide several advantages for creating efficient, diverse, and sustainable livestock feeding strategies in the Neotropics.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1751509</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1751509</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Enhancing sperm cryo-preservability, ultrastructure, and testicular histology in rams through oral royal jelly administration]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Wael A. Khalil</author><author>Alaa M. A. Gad</author><author>Mahmoud Moussa</author><author>Sara I. Grawish</author><author>Mahmoud A. E. Hassan</author><author>Rehab F. S. A. Ismail</author><author>Sameh A. Abdelnour</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This investigation explored the effects of royal jelly (RJ) administration in rams on reproductive parameters, with a specific focus on semen quality, post-thaw characteristics, sperm function, and testicular health. Rahmani Rams (n=15) were divided into 3 groups: the control group received 1 mL of distilled water orally (RJ0), and two treatment groups received 250 mg (RJ250) or 500 mg (RJ500) of RJ three days per week, every other day per head for 6 months. Oral administration of RJ resulted in significant improvements in sperm mass motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity (p < 0.001). Conversely, ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, and the percentage of morphological abnormalities showed no significant differences between groups (p > 0.05). The RJ administration resulted in a significant reduction in oxidative markers such as MDA, H2O2, and NO, and an increase in TAC and CAT compared to the RJ0 group (p <0.01) in raw and post-thawed semen. In cryopreserved semen, the progressive motility, viability, and membrane function were significantly higher in all RJ-treated rams (p <0.01). The majority of sperm parameters, including progressive motility, distance average path, distance curve linear, distance straight line, average path velocity, curve linear velocity, and straight line velocity, were superior in the RJ groups compared to the untreated ram group (p <0.05). The orally administered RJ affected both sperm membrane and acrosome status significantly (p <0.01). Specifically, RJ supplementation significantly increased the proportion of viable spermatozoa with intact acrosomes, while concurrently reducing the percentages of both viable acrosome-damaged and non-viable acrosome-intact cells across all treatment groups (p <0.05). Sperm viability was significantly higher in the RJ250 and RJ500 groups compared to the RJ0 treatment (p < 0.001). Furthermore, RJ administration significantly decreased the incidence of early apoptotic, late apoptotic, and necrotic spermatozoa relative to the RJ0 group (p < 0.05). Regarding the microbial profile, both coliform and total bacterial counts in post-thawed semen were significantly lower in RJ-treated rams than in the RJ0 group (p < 0.05). Oral administration of RJ significantly preserved testicular histoarchitecture, characterized by the maintenance of seminiferous tubule integrity, an increased population of spermatogonia, and the distinct presence of intraluminal spermatozoa. Furthermore, RJ treatment maintained the critical ultrastructural components of the spermatozoa, including the structural integrity of the plasma membrane, the mitochondrial sheath, and the nucleus. Collectively, these findings suggest that oral RJ supplementation enhances reproductive performance and post-thaw semen quality in rams, likely mediated by its potent antioxidant properties and its protective role during the cryopreservation process.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1814529</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1814529</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Histopathology of ileal and liver tissues from Holstein steers in an experimental liver abscess challenge model]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Colten W. Dornbach</author><author>Kristin E. Hales</author><author>Emily M. Davis</author><author>Nicole C. Burdick Sanchez</author><author>Michael Cruz Penn</author><author>Michael A. Ballou</author><author>Michael L. Galyean</author><author>Zach S. McDaniel</author><author>Taylor M. Smock</author><author>T. G. Nagaraja</author><author>Raghavendra G. Amachawadi</author><author>Ty E. Lawrence</author><author>Paul R. Broadway</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionOur objective was to investigate the effects of diet and intraruminal inoculations with Fusobacterium necrophorum, Salmonella enterica, and Trueperella pyogenes on the microstructure of ileal and liver tissues in Holstein steers experimentally challenged to induce liver abscesses (LA).MethodsIleal epithelium and liver tissues were collected from Holstein steers (n = 80) across two separate experiments for histopathological analysis. Steers in Exp. 1 were assigned to one of three treatments: 1) low-starch control diet (CON1; n = 13); 2) high-starch acidotic diet (AD1; n = 13); or 3) high-starch acidotic diet plus intraruminal inoculation with F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum, S. enterica serotype Lubbock, and T. pyogenes (1 × 109 CFU/mL in 100 mL; ADB; n = 14). In Exp. 2, steers were assigned to one of four treatments: 1) low-starch control diet (CON2; n = 10); 2) high-starch acidotic diet (AD2; n = 10); 3) high-starch acidotic diet with intraruminal inoculation with F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum (8.81 × 108 CFU/mL; ADF; n = 10); or 4) high-starch acidotic diet with intraruminal inoculation with F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum (8.81 × 108 CFU/mL) combined with S. enterica subsp. Lubbock (1.52 × 109 CFU/mL; ADFS; n = 10).ResultsIn Exp. 1 and 2, steers on high-starch acidotic diets (AD1, AD2) or inoculated with bacteria (ADB, ADF, and ADFS) had shorter ileal villi height and greater crypt depth compared with low-starch controls (CON1 and CON2; P < 0.01). Inflammatory cell counts were consistently elevated in acidotic and inoculated treatments, particularly ADFS (P ≤ 0.05). Ileal villi height was shorter in Exp. 2, and crypt depth was reduced in steers with and without LA between experiments (P ≤ 0.10). In Exp. 2, liver tissue damage was greatest for ADFS steers and least for CON2 steers (P ≤ 0.03). Liver lymphocyte foci area was lower (P = 0.02) and neutrophil score tended to be lower (P = 0.08) in steers with LA.DiscussionWhen acidotic cycles were coupled with bacterial inoculations, steers exhibited greater intestinal damage, immune cell infiltration, and liver pathology. Overall, these findings underscore that diet and pathogen exposure can synergistically modulate tissue damage and infection risk.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1811575</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1811575</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Public perception, awareness, and attitudes toward live export of livestock by sea from New Zealand]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Gosia Zobel</author><author>Kevan Cote</author><author>Alison Vaughan</author><author>Marie J. McAninch</author><author>Arnja Dale</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The export of livestock by sea from New Zealand is highly debated due to welfare concerns, human safety risks, and environmental impacts. In 2023, the government committed to reinstating the previously banned trade, despite limited understanding of public views on the policy. This study examined public knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes toward live export at two time points during policy deliberation. Two independent representative surveys were conducted in 2023 (n = 993) and 2024 (n = 1,005). Datasets were grouped and the influence of survey year, age, location, and farming involvement on attitudes toward live export welfare and regulation, knowledge and awareness of the ban and proposed overturn, support for policy changes, perceptions of positive and negative impacts, industry trust, and acceptability of proposed safeguards was investigated. Models included the following: binary logistic regression for dichotomous outcomes (e.g., positive/negative impacts), where “uncertain” comprised <15% of responses and were excluded (e.g., industry familiarity, ban awareness); multinomial logistic regression for categorical outcomes (e.g., agreement scales, support for ban including uncertain responses); and linear regression for continuous trust rating. Respondents expressed consensus; 94.8% agreed that farmed animal welfare is important, 78.8% suggested that sea transport is stressful for animals, and 82.9% believed that New Zealand cannot guarantee overseas treatment. Substantial knowledge gaps existed, with 56.3% of respondents being unfamiliar with the industry and 60.1% unaware of the ban overturn. Industry trust score was low (1.61/5) with only 10.7% believing live exports were well-regulated. While 17.3% supported reinstatement, the majority (59.3%) opposed it, and 51.8% indicated no safeguards would make ban reversal acceptable, reflecting principled opposition based on ethical boundaries rather than regulatory concerns. Younger respondents had consistently higher uncertainty about regulations and economic impacts, while older and farming-involved respondents held more definitive views; however, welfare concerns differed minimally between farming-involved and non-involved groups. Between surveys, perceived positives declined and “no positives” responses increased (25.2% to 36.8%). The results inform both public engagement and policy by demonstrating that opposition is principled, values-based, and stable, despite knowledge gaps. For the majority who indicated no safeguards would suffice, opposition reflects fundamental ethical positions about the trade that go beyond regulatory solutions.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1812430</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1812430</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Housing, gender, and animal welfare in rural rabbit production systems in madagascar]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sabiazy Ali</author><author>Hacynicolas Finoana Randriamandratondrakotonirina</author><author>Cristina Giacoma</author><author>Cecilia Mugnai</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Rabbit farming is increasingly recognized as a sustainable livelihood strategy in low-resource rural systems; however, in Madagascar, production remains largely informal and poorly documented. In particular, the interactions among housing systems, gender dynamics, animal welfare, and productivity outcomes are not well understood. This study aimed to provide an integrated assessment of rural rabbit production systems in the Amoron’i Mania region, focusing on housing, breed characteristics, performance, behaviour, and socioeconomic factors. A multistage survey was conducted across 272 rural farms between 2023 and 2024 using questionnaires, interviews, and on-farm observations. A total of 3,018 rabbits were recorded, including 1,060 individuals for breed characterization and 445 for behavioural assessment. Housing systems were classified into Mixed Animal Pens (MAP), Group Pens (GP), Single Cages (SC), and Colony Cages (CC). Data on mortality, growth performance, and behaviour were analysed using χ² tests and ANOVA, with particular attention to housing system, breed, and their interactions, as well as gender-related management patterns. Housing systems were dominated by MAP (50.74%), followed by GP (25.37%), SC (13.60%), and CC (10.29%). Gender and age significantly influenced housing choices (P < 0.05), with women and older farmers favouring low-input MAP systems, while younger male farmers more frequently adopted SC systems. Mortality varied by housing system and physiological phase (P < 0.001), with higher pre-weaning mortality in MAP and GP systems and higher growing-phase mortality in SC and CC systems. Growth performance showed significant breed × housing interactions (P < 0.05), with commercial breeds performing better in controlled systems, while the Local Breed showed greater adaptation to MAP conditions. Behavioural analysis indicated that MAP systems promoted higher motor and social activity with minimal stereotypies, whereas SC systems were associated with increased static behaviour and stereotypic patterns. The findings highlight the complex trade-offs between productivity, animal welfare, and resource constraints in smallholder rabbit systems. Housing systems play a central role in shaping both biological outcomes and welfare conditions, while gender-related access to resources influences management decisions. Improving housing design, promoting locally adapted breeds, and strengthening technical support, particularly for women farmers, could enhance both productivity and welfare. These results provide a systems-level understanding to inform sustainable and context-appropriate development of rabbit farming in rural Madagascar.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1814387</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1814387</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Understanding stakeholder perspectives on decision support tools for managing emissions on livestock farms]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Evangelos Alexandropoulos</author><author>Vasileios Anestis</author><author>Anna Rychła</author><author>Federico Dragoni</author><author>Francisco Salazar</author><author>Donal O’Brien</author><author>Thomas Bartzanas</author><author>Barbara Amon</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Globally, livestock production is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which are the primary driver of climate change. To assess the expected needs for Decision Support Tools (DST) related to GHG emissions in global livestock production at the farm level, the perspectives of stakeholders were surveyed. Direct communication with stakeholder groups in various countries was established to explore their experiences with existing GHG-based DST at the farm scale. Collecting this information was crucial to understand the current demand for integrating GHG and ammonia emissions estimation into the decision-making process at the farm scale across different countries. Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate and present the potential for utilizing these DST at the farm scale in the near term. Understanding the requirements of potential users can offer valuable insights to developers of emissions-based decision support tools, enabling them to improve existing tools and align them better with users’ needs. The majority of respondents were livestock farm advisors (80 out of 116), followed by livestock farmers (23 respondents), inventory compilers (9 respondents), and authority officials/policymakers (4 respondents). The survey respondents represented various countries, including Greece, Poland, Germany, Austria, France, and Chile. While most stakeholders who responded were aware of software-based DS tools, less than half of them actually used such tools. Furthermore, even fewer respondents reported using software-based DS tools that estimate GHG and ammonia emissions at the livestock farm level to incorporate emission reduction in decision-making process. Although the adoption of farm-scale emission-based DST in livestock farming is currently limited, it is clear that farmers who embrace technological developments are aware of the potential environmental impact of their farms. In fact, 87.7% of respondents expressed interest in being informed about software-based DS tools that estimate and utilize GHG and ammonia emissions in decision-making. Moreover, 59.6% of stakeholders expressed a willingness to participate in a future process for developing software-based DS tools that estimate and incorporate GHG and ammonia emissions in decision-making. This highlights the need for continued development and promotion of standardized tools across all participating countries.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1834723</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1834723</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Miniaturised near-infrared spectroscopy for non-invasive assessment of de novo fatty acid concentrations in milk from individual cows]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yash Dixit</author><author>Christine Tu</author><author>Michael P. Agnew</author><author>Mariza G. Reis</author><author>Marlon M. Reis</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionNear−infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has potential for on−farm milk assessment; however, the performance of miniaturised sensors for biologically meaningful markers remains underexplored. This study aimed to benchmark a miniaturised NIR sensor against established NIRS techniques and to evaluate its capacity to assess the concentration of de novo fatty acids in milk of individual dairy cows.MethodsFive spectroscopic systems differing in spectral resolution and measurement mode were compared using liquid milk samples with reference values obtained by Mid-InfraRed (MIR) and Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analyses.Results and discussionAll systems showed excellent performance for predicting total fat and total solids compared to MIR, with the miniaturised sensor achieving accuracy comparable to benchtop and handheld instruments. The predicted de novo fatty acid concentrations closely followed the measured trends obtained by GC-FID at both herd and individual level, despite seasonal bias. Overall, the results demonstrate that miniaturised NIR sensors provide a robust, cost−effective pathway for on−farm monitoring of milk components that have been linked to metabolic stress indicators.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1811546</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1811546</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Cow- and herd-level factors associated with activity monitor and reproductive program performance in housed dairy systems]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Lucio Campora</author><author>Stephen J. LeBlanc</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Automated activity monitoring (AAM) devices have become widely used to manage reproduction in dairy cattle. They can allow for submission of the majority cows for artificial insemination by estrus detection alone but require a complementary method for timely breeding. There is growing interest in ‘targeted reproductive management’ which uses pre-breeding data to select cows for AAM-based management for 3 to 4 weeks before potential intervention. Postpartum health, and estrus detected by AAM before the breeding period can identify cows that are candidates for targeted management with AAM as the first-line approach. However, these predictors are correlated and some are more easily used than others. This narrative literature review summarizes the biology that underlies connections between postpartum health and subsequent estrus detection and fertility. We critically assess factors that influence estrus detection by AAM. We aim to clarify the relationships among health during the transition period, resumption of ovulation and estrus expression, and estrus detection by AAM at the cow and herd levels. Both pre-breeding estrus detection and postpartum health data can inform selection and management of cows in programs that prioritize AAM, but more research is needed to refine how they can be combined optimally.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1763451</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1763451</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Identification of plasma fatty acids as biomarkers for carcass traits and tissue-specific fatty acids profile in pigs]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Junhui Liu</author><author>Ioanna-Theoni Vourlaki</author><author>Cristina Sebastià</author><author>Ferran Llobet-Cabau</author><author>Armand Sánchez</author><author>Anna Castelló</author><author>Yuliaxis Ramayo-Caldas</author><author>Maria Ballester</author><author>Josep M. Folch</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Carcass and pork traits have long been regarded as key phenotypes in pig breeding. The content and composition of fatty acids (FAs) play a crucial role in determining carcass and meat quality in pigs, as their regulation affects fat depositions. The current study integrates the FA composition of blood, liver, backfat and muscle, and explores its relationship with carcass traits in 265 commercial Duroc pigs. In muscle, higher levels of C16:0 and C18:1n-9 were positively correlated with carcass weight (CW) and fat thickness in backfat (BFT34) and ham (HFT), but negatively correlated with lean percentages. Conversely, PUFA levels in muscle showed the opposite correlation pattern. Backfat FAs like C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, and C20:1n-9 were positively correlated with CW, BFT34, and HFT, while also negatively correlated with lean meat percentage (LM). Liver FAs such as C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1n-7 exhibited similar correlation patterns with CW, BFT34, HFT, and LM. Blood FAs showed a different correlation pattern compared to the other tissues, with MUFA and C18:2n-6 positively correlated with CW, BFT34 and HFT, while the levels of C16:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-9, and C18:2n-6 in blood showed a negative correlation with LM. Inter-tissue communication revealed positive correlations between C16:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7, and C18:1n-9. Additionally, the PUFA content in muscle was inversely related to FAs from other tissues. In Duroc pigs, during the early growth stage, there is a positive correlation among the levels of C16:0, C16:1n-7, C18:1n-7, and C18:1n-9 FAs in the blood, which is reflected in their concentrations within the liver, backfat, and muscle tissues after pig slaughter. Moreover, these FAs showed a positive correlation with CW and BFT34 and HFT, and were negatively correlated with LM. Among these FAs, C16:0 and C18:0 as well as the desaturation product C18:1n-9, along with C18:2n-6, exhibited great predictive ability in muscle FAs and less ability in carcass traits. In conclusion, the plasma C16:0, C16:1n-7 C18:0, C18:1n-9 and C18:2n-6 are proposed as the main candidate indicators for predicting carcass traits in slaughtered pigs and the FA profile in liver, backfat and muscle.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1794881</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1794881</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Vibrations and driving events inside a pot-belly trailer and related effect on pig behavior during transport]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sabine Conte</author><author>Nicolas Devillers</author><author>Trever G. Crowe</author><author>Qiang Y. Zhang</author><author>Xiaojie Yan</author><author>Luigi Faucitano</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study assessed the relationship between in-transit pig behavior and the vibrations recorded in a two-axle pot-belly trailer. During seven shipments (135 km) of pigs (125 kg) to the slaughter plant, five compartments (front-top [C1], rear-top [C4], front-middle [C5], center-middle [C7], and front-bottom [C9]) were equipped with accelerometers at the floor level. Four route sections (RS) lasting 17 min each were selected, and acceleration data were processed to calculate the vibration dose value (VDV) on the vertical, horizontal and lateral axes and the global vibration exposure (VDVv). Percentage of pigs standing, lying and sitting and the number of loss of balance (LOB) on the horizontal, lateral and vertical directions were observed in C1, C4 and C5. Data were analyzed for the effect of route section and compartment location using mixed models. The effect of compartment location on VDVs differed between route sections. Horizontal VDV was higher in C5 and C7 than C4 in RS1 (p = 0.005), whereas it was higher in C4 than C1, C5 and C9 in RS2 (p = 0.001). Lateral VDV in C1 was always the highest in every route section (p < 0.001). C4 had the highest and C9 the lowest values for vertical VDV and VDVv for RS2, RS3 and RS4. Finally, C7 had the highest, and C5 the lowest vertical VDV and VDVv in RS1 (p < 0.05). A greater percentage of pigs were standing in C5 compared to C1 and C4 (p < 0.05), while pigs in C4 showed more vertical LOB than in C1 and C5 for all route sections. Finally, pigs in C4 had the lowest number of lateral LOB during RS2, but the highest during RS3 and RS4 (p < 0.05). No clear relationship could be established between vibration levels and behavioral reaction of pigs. In the top rear compartment, more affected by vertical vibrations, pigs showed more instability during the end of the journey, whereas in front compartments, pigs showed more instability during RS2 which included roundabouts. The impact of vibrations and jolts in the trailer on pig behavior is most likely the result of several interacting factors.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1729844</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1729844</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis) as a dietary additive for finishing pigs: impacts on digestibility, growth performance, and carcass traits]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Bernardo Berenchtein</author><author>Fabio José Ribeiro Simas</author><author>Adibe Luiz Abdalla</author><author>Noedson de Jesus Beltrão Machado</author><author>Adrieli Macanhão Biavatti</author><author>Tuliana Prezotto</author><author>Caroline Mazurek</author><author>João Paulo Ferreira Rufino</author><author>Nerandi Camerini</author><author>Hugo Piazzetta</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study evaluated the effects of dietary guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis) powder as a feed additive for finishing pigs. A 12-day digestibility trial was conducted with 20 barrows (61.8 ± 1.9 kg) distributed in a randomized block design with four dietary inclusion levels of guarana (0%, 1%, 2%, and 4%). In addition, a 30-day performance trial was conducted, with 96 pigs assigned to diets containing 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% guarana. The growth performance parameters, including the average daily feed intake (ADFI), the average daily gain (ADG), and the gain-to-feed (G/F) ratio, as well as the carcass traits, were evaluated. Guarana inclusion did not affect the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude energy, or crude protein (p > 0.05). However, increasing dietary guarana levels significantly affected growth performance, with linear reductions in ADFI and ADG (p ≤ 0.05), while the G/F ratio increased linearly. Quadratic responses were observed for hot carcass yield, cold carcass yield, loin eye area, and fat-to-meat ratio. These results indicate that guarana supplementation influences the growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs, but does not improve the overall productive performance under the conditions evaluated.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1790504</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1790504</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Lysophospholipid and lipase in broilers: combined lysophospholipid and lipase supplementation maintains production performance and modulates metabolic and antioxidant responses under reduced energy feeding regimens]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Whad Fayed</author><author>Mervat A. Abdel-Latif</author><author>Mohammed A. Kamal</author><author>Fuad Saleh</author><author>Lesley Durrans</author><author>Ahmed A. Saleh</author><author>Hamada A. Ahmed</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the individual and synergistic effects of exogenous emulsifiers and lipase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, lipid metabolism, and gene expression in broilers receiving reduced-energy diets. All diets formulated using identical ingredient ratios except for energy-contributing components, which were adjusted through modification in soybean oil content to achieve target energy levels while maintaining amino acid profiles. Three hundred one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to five treatment groups. The experiment consisted of 30 pens, with 10 birds per pen. Each treatment group included 6 replicate pens (n = 60 birds per treatment).positive control (PC) fed standard energy diets; negative control (NC) fed diets with 80 kcal/kg energy reduction; NC + emulsifier (250 g/ton Emulsifier equivalent to (20 g lysophospholipids/ton of feed); NC + lipase (100 g/ton equivalent 1 million lipase unit/ton of feed equivalent); and NC + combined emulsifier and lipase supplementation. Results demonstrated that energy reduction significantly impaired body weight gain and feed conversion ratio compared to PC birds. However, combined emulsifier and lipase supplementation restored growth performance parameters compared with NC, achieving superior body weight gain (2,222 g vs. 2,053 g in NC group) and improved feed conversion efficiency (1.344 vs. 1.491 in NC group). Crude protein retention increased significantly in emulsifier-supplemented groups (81.4-81.8% vs. 76.3% in NC), while ether extract retention improved across all supplemented treatments. Carcass characteristics remained unaffected, though abdominal fat deposition decreased significantly in all reduced-energy groups compared to PC birds. Serum biochemical analysis revealed beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, with total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations decreasing in supplemented groups. Antioxidant status improved, evidenced by elevated glutathione peroxidase activity and reduced malondialdehyde concentration in liver tissue of treated birds. Histological examination revealed that energy reduction caused intestinal villus atrophy and enteritis in NC birds, while emulsifier and lipase restored normal villus architecture. Gene expression analysis showed significant downregulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) mRNA in NC birds, which was restored to PC levels following combined supplementation. These findings indicate that lysophospholipid emulsifiers and exogenous lipase can effectively compensate reduced dietary energy density in broiler diets.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1822871</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1822871</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Dietary bile acid supplementation improves eggshell calcium content and structural integrity in late-laying hens]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Liang Chen</author><author>Lei Wu</author><author>Xiaoyu Wang</author><author>Jie Luo</author><author>Shuai Ma</author><author>Tonghui Mao</author><author>Dengliang Li</author><author>Youqun Qiu</author><author>Yuhan Peng</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study was to investigate whether dietary bile acid (BA) supplementation affects production performance and improves eggshell quality in late-laying hens by transcriptionally upregulating shell gland biomineralization genes (CALB1, CA2, OC-116), thereby producing calcium-dense eggshells for functional food applications. In this study, a total of 72 laying hens were assigned to three groups: peak laying hens at 161 days of age (Peak lay), late laying hens at 462 days of age (Late lay), and BA-supplemented late laying hens at 462 days of age (Late lay + BA). BA supplementation did not significantly affect laying rate or feed efficiency but showed a numerical reduction in eggshell breakage and increased calcium concentration in shell gland fluid, while improving eggshell ultrastructure as evidenced by increased mammillary density and effective eggshell thickness. Serum calcium levels remained unchanged across groups, whereas calcium concentration in shell gland fluid increased. Transcriptomic analysis of shell gland tissue revealed distinct gene expression profiles associated with both laying stage and BA supplementation. Key genes involved in calcium transport and eggshell mineralization (e.g., CALB1, CA2, and OC-116) were downregulated during late lay but significantly restored by BA supplementation, as confirmed by qRT-PCR. Expression levels of these genes were positively correlated with effective eggshell thickness and mammillary density. Collectively, these findings suggest that BA supplementation improves eggshell quality in late-laying hens through upregulation of key biomineralization genes in the shell gland, thereby enhancing local calcium transport and mineralization efficiency. This nutritional strategy produces calcium-rich eggshells that have the potential to serve as a high-quality raw material for functional eggshell powder, thereby supporting by-product valorization.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1810583</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1810583</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Behavioral challenges and welfare implications in lambs raised under intensive dairy sheep production systems]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Miroslav Simeonov</author><author>David L. Harmon</author><author>Aline Freitas-de-Melo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Intensive dairy sheep production systems, which represent a substantial and growing portion of the global livestock sector, present significant behavioral and welfare challenges for lambs. This review aims to summarize and critically evaluate current knowledge on the behavioral challenges and welfare implications of rearing lambs in intensive systems. It also examines the natural social and feeding behaviors of lambs to establish a framework for understanding their behavioral needs, while contrasting these with constraints inherent to intensive livestock production. Key management challenges include precocious or early mother-young separation, which disrupts nutritional and social learning and can influence how lambs respond to environmental challenges later in life. These challenges are multifaceted, including adaptation to artificial rearing systems with variable milk replacer composition; transition from milk replacers to solid feed; and relocation and social regrouping for fattening. The combined effects of suckling cessation, transport, social mixing, and abrupt dietary transitions constitute highly stressful events for lambs. Natural social behaviors, including the establishment of the ewe-lamb bond and access to maternal models, are critical for the development of efficient feeding strategies and environmental interaction. Disruption of these processes during sensitive neonatal periods can lead to heightened stress sensitivity, reduced feeding efficiency, and impaired social integration. In group-housed systems, social structure and competition determine access to resources and welfare outcomes, with dominant animals holding advantages in feeding behavior while subordinate individuals adopt adaptive but often energetically inefficient strategies. However, welfare outcomes are highly management-dependent, and the costs of intensive systems are not inevitable. Emerging evidence identifies practical interventions that substantially improve outcomes, including: (1) positive human-animal interactions to reduce mortality; (2) physical enrichment to boost early weight gain; (3) the use of older “tutor” animals to accelerate solid feed adaptation via social learning; and (4) optimized grouping strategies to minimize aggression. Furthermore, providing manipulable bedding and high-quality milk replacers is critical for physiological stability. While intensive systems present inherent challenges, evidence-based management practices can effectively mitigate negative impacts. Understanding and applying knowledge of social hierarchy, individual adaptability, and critical developmental windows is essential for promoting productivity.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1813033</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1813033</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Hepatic transcriptomic signatures associated with divergent residual average daily gain phenotypes in beef steers]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Modoluwamu Idowu</author><author>Godstime Taiwo</author><author>Taylor Sidney</author><author>Olanrewaju B. Morenikeji</author><author>Ibukun M. Ogunade</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study employed hepatic transcriptional changes to catalogue signature genes associated with divergent residual average daily gain (RADG) phenotypes in crossbred beef steers. A total of 108 crossbred beef steers (average body weight = 495 ± 32kg) were fed a high-forage total mixed ration for 49 d in five dry-lot pens equipped with GrowSafe8000 intake nodes to determine RADG. Steers were ranked based on RADG coefficients, and liver biopsies were collected under local anesthesia from the most efficient (positive RADG; n = 8; 0.73 kg/d) and least efficient (negative RADG; n = 8; −0.69 kg/d) animals. Differential gene expression analysis identified a total of 16,735 genes, based on FDR ≤ 0.05 and an absolute log2 fold change (|log2FC|) ≥ 1.0, 6 genes were upregulated in positive-RADG steers, including COL2A1, IL32, FBLN2 and MR1, while 9 genes, including SMO, ABCB4 and RPS3A were downregulated. Gene Ontology enrichment indicated that positive RADG steers exhibited over-representation of biological processes related to regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling, DNA-dependent DNA replication, signal transduction in the absence of ligand, and transmembrane transport. Enriched cellular components included the sarcolemma, while enriched molecular functions were associated with carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activity, monosaccharide binding, and antioxidant activity. In contrast, negative RADG steers showed enrichment of biological processes related to immune activation, stress responsiveness, and regulation of ossification. Gene Ontology gene network analysis highlighted COL2A1, E2F8, SLC2A5, and GZMA as highly connected nodes within interaction networks derived from DEGs in positive RADG steers. Pathway enrichment analysis further identified pathways associated with protein digestion and absorption, cytoskeletal organization in muscle cells, and carbohydrate digestion and absorption as over-represented in positive RADG steers. Collectively, these findings describe hepatic transcriptional signatures associated with divergent RADG phenotypes and provide candidate genes and pathways for future studies aimed at functionally validating mechanisms underlying feed efficiency in beef cattle.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1818325</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1818325</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Suitability of sensor technologies for monitoring water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) behavior in year-round coastal grazing systems]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Almut Scheler</author><author>Konstantin Stetter</author><author>Olaf Tober</author><author>Laura Franziska Flach</author><author>Peter Sanftleben</author><author>Susanne Demba</author><author>Thomas Zanon</author><author>Sandra Rose</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) are increasingly used for landscape management on rewetted peatlands, where monitoring their behavior and welfare remains challenging due to large, water−rich and difficult−to-access grazing areas. This study evaluated the suitability of two Precision Livestock Farming systems under such conditions. Thirty cows were equipped with smaXtec intraruminal boluses from March to December 2025, and thirteen animals additionally carried RumiWatch pedometers from March to August. Across a 169.17 ha summer and a 13.67 ha winter pasture, the systems recorded 916,881 bolus measurements and 61,726 pedometer data points. The pedometer data showed clear daily rhythms during the recording period: averaged across all animals (n=7), the buffaloes spent 9.07 h per day lying, 11.45 h standing, and 3.05 h walking. In addition, when bolus transmission was functioning (n=29), body temperature (mean 38.89 °C) and rumination time (mean 488.60 min/day) could be recorded. The activity values of both systems were positively correlated (r = 0.72), indicating consistent temporal trends in locomotor activity. Although the hydrologically dynamic landscape occasionally affected data transmission and sensor retention, the systems proved fundamentally suitable for practical buffalo management. The results demonstrate that PLF technologies can support welfare monitoring in water buffalo on rewetted peatlands, provided that deployment and infrastructure are adapted to the specific challenges of wetland grazing systems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1789705</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1789705</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Nutraceutical-based preventive program as a tool to improve health status in broiler parent flocks]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Elena Gobbo</author><author>Lea Vodopivec</author><author>Manja Zupan Šemrov</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Nutraceutical-based supplements are increasingly explored as tools to support poultry health and productivity, yet evidence for their use within integrated, multi component preventive programs, especially in commercial broiler breeder operations, remains limited. This study retrospectively evaluated a nutraceutical based preventive program developed by the Veterinary Clinic of Perutnina Ptuj, Slovenia. The program aimed at reducing disease occurrence and supporting reproductive performance in commercial Ross 308 broiler parent flocks. The program, applied throughout rearing and production phase, combined vitamins, minerals, probiotics, lactic acid, and hepatoprotectors administered at defined stages of the production cycle. Routinely collected records from 44 commercial flocks monitored between 2017 and 2023 were analyzed. Production parameters (egg production, hatching eggs, cumulative hatchability, animal loss) and health related indicators (veterinarian prescribed antibacterial and anticoccidial treatments) were compared across three temporal periods: before implementation, an interim adjustment period, and after full implementation. Statistical analyses included linear mixed effects models for normally distributed variables and generalized linear mixed models for non-normally distributed data. Following program implementation, the number of antibacterial treatments administered after 19 weeks of age decreased drastically, while antibacterial treatments during rearing and anticoccidial interventions remained unchanged. Animal loss peaked during the interim period but later stabilized, with no significant differences observed for other production related parameters. Overall, the findings indicate that this multi component nutraceutical-based program may be associated with enhanced disease resilience under commercial conditions. However, the retrospective design, reliance on routine farm records, absence of a control group, and potential confounding factors limit causal interpretation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1816827</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1816827</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Mammary gland macro- and microstructural development during the first pregnancy following in utero heat stress exposure]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Brittney D. Davidson</author><author>Sena L. Field</author><author>Kaylee A. Riesgraf</author><author>Maria E. Montes</author><author>João R. R. Dórea</author><author>Geoffrey E. Dahl</author><author>Jimena Laporta</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionIn utero heat stress during late gestation impairs heifer growth and mammary development, reducing first-lactation productivity. However, whether these prenatal effects persist through the heifer’s first gestation remains unclear. This study evaluated the carryover effects of late-gestation heat stress on growth, endocrine profiles, and mammary gland development during first pregnancy.MethodsMultiparous cows were exposed during the last 54 d of gestation to either heat stress (shade only; HS) or active cooling (shade, fans, and soakers; CL) under subtropical conditions, generating in utero heat-stressed (IUHS) and cooled (IUCL) heifers. After birth, all heifers were managed identically. Once pregnant, body weight, hip height, chest girth, and body length were recorded monthly. Teat traits and mammary gland (MG) dimensions were assessed at 2, 4, 6, and 9 months of gestation (MOG). Plasma progesterone was measured monthly, and estradiol at 8 and 9 MOG. At 6 and 9 MOG, high-resolution imaging and 3D MG reconstructions were performed, and biopsies were collected for histological analyses, including quantification of mammary epithelial cells (MEC), alveoli, lumen area, and MEC area. Fertility, calf birth weight, and milk production outcomes were also evaluated.ResultsIUHS heifers required more services per pregnancy and had shorter gestation lengths compared with IUCL, whereas overall growth traits and circulating hormones were similar between groups. At 6 MOG, IUHS heifers exhibited longer teats, greater inter-teat distances, and increased MG surface area. By 9 MOG, IUHS heifers displayed narrower, more elongated glands with greater teat spacing and eccentricity. Histologically, IUHS heifers had fewer MEC per alveolus and smaller alveolar areas. Milk production differences were minimal, with reduced yield in IUHS animals observed only at week 16 of lactation.DiscussionPrenatal heat stress induces persistent alterations in mammary gland morphology and microstructure that extend into first gestation, despite limited effects on whole-body growth and endocrine profiles. These changes in alveolar development and MEC abundance may underlie subtle impairments in lactational performance, highlighting the long-term biological significance of late-gestation heat stress on mammary function.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1788833</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2026.1788833</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Serotonin, temperament, and lactating dairy cow performance: linking the autonomic nervous system and productivity]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Guadalupe Ceja</author><author>Scott Crawford</author><author>Jacquelyn Prestegaard-Wilson</author><author>Reinaldo Cooke</author><author>Sushil Paudyal</author><author>Courtney L. Daigle</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Temperament influences productivity, health, and welfare in dairy cattle, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), along with its serotonergic pathways, may represent a key link between behavioral and physiological traits. This study investigated the relationships among serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), the startle response (i.e., an ANS-regulated reflexive reaction to a sudden stimulus), productivity, behavior, and physiology in dairy cows managed in an automatic milking system (AMS). Lactating Holstein cows (n = 24) were observed over a 46-day period, and AMS-derived variables collected included dead milk time (DMT; s/visit), energy-corrected milk (ECM; kg/d), milk speed (MS; kg/min), milk yield (MY; kg/d), milk variability, fat:protein ratio (FPR), refusals (count/d), and rumination minutes (RUM; min/d). Drinking behaviors, namely, drinking bouts (Bouts; count/d), milk:water, water:milk, and water intake (WI; L/d), were recorded across the same 46-day period using a commercially available bolus. A startle test was performed when the same cohort of cows reached the dry period, and behavioral reactions, namely, defecation (count), freeze-like state, jump, post-startle magnitude-activity (PSM-A), post-startle magnitude-inactivity (PSM-I), and startle magnitude (SM), were quantified. Blood samples were collected independently from the startle test for serum 5-HT analysis. Mixed models in SAS (9.4) were used to evaluate the relationships among SM, 5-HT, production, drinking, and behavioral measures. Regression analyses were performed on key relationships, and Spearman correlations and factor analyses identified associations and latent dimensions among key variables. Startle magnitude was positively associated with MY (P = 0.02) and ECM (P = 0.05) and negatively associated with refusals (P < 0.01). Startle magnitude tended to correlate positively with MY (P = 0.07) and milk:water (P = 0.08) and negatively with WI (P = 0.05). Moreover, 5-HT concentration tended to be positively correlated with SM (P = 0.08) and negatively with freeze-like state (P < 0.01). Factor analysis identified three latent factors explaining 52.26% of the variance: 1) resource efficiency and physiology (DMT, jump, milk:water, neutrophil lymphocyte, SM, and 5-HT), 2) AMS behavior and temperament (DMT, defecation, RUM, freeze-like state, and PSM-A), and 3) milking dynamics and ANS (DMT, FPR, MS, neutrophil:lymphocyte, and jump). These findings suggest that serotonergic activity and startle responsivity may synergistically characterize multiple physiological and behavioral dimensions of temperament relevant to dairy cow welfare and productivity. Integrating behavioral and neurophysiological measures could improve the assessment of resilience and coping ability in precision dairy systems.]]></description>
      </item>
      </channel>
    </rss>