AUTHOR=Ruiz Martínez Eliana , Schroeder Declan C. , Thuestad Gunnar , Hoell Ingunn A. 

TITLE=Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) stressors and illnesses: a review for a sustainable aquaculture under climate change

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Aquaculture

VOLUME=Volume 3 - 2024

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/aquaculture/articles/10.3389/faquc.2024.1390415

DOI=10.3389/faquc.2024.1390415

ISSN=2813-5334

ABSTRACT=Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) mostly dominate intertidal and shallow subtidal areas globally, where the larger species form extensive underwater forests. These structurally complex and highly productive habitats enhance local biodiversity and support food webs in coastal areas through secondary production, shaping the local oceanography and ecology. Macroalgal aquaculture is an important and growing sector, where about 40% of all cultivated algae belong to the Phaeophyceae. However, both cultured and natural brown algae, have been under increasing pressure due to climate-driven factors like ocean warming, eutrophication and herbivore outbreaks. We conducted a comprehensive literature review on abiotic (temperature, light intensity and UV radiation, nutrients, water motion, salinity, and substrata and sediment) and biotic (bacteria, virus, fungi, eukaryotic endophytes and endoparasites, epiphytes, and grazers) stressors and illnesses in marine brown macroalgae, as well as brown algae defense mechanisms, and discuss how these parameters may affect the production of a sustainable crop for the aquaculture industry under future climate change scenarios.Eukaryotes developed about 2.7 billion years ago, but multicellular organisms did not evolve from unicellular eukaryotes until at least 1.7 billion years ago (Cooper, 2000). Multicellularity has evolved numerous times within eukaryotes, and brown algae are one of these few groups that has reached complex multicellularity, along with animals, fungi, plants, and amoebozoans (Baldauf, 2003;Bringloe et al., 2020). However, brown algae are very distantly related to the other eukaryotic groups, and their in the United States(