AUTHOR=Hou Yihao , Bert Christoph , Gomaa Ahmed , Lahmer Godehard , Höfler Daniel , Weissmann Thomas , Voigt Raphaela , Schubert Philipp , Schmitter Charlotte , Depardon Alina , Semrau Sabine , Maier Andreas , Fietkau Rainer , Huang Yixing , Putz Florian 

TITLE=Fine-tuning a local LLaMA-3 large language model for automated privacy-preserving physician letter generation in radiation oncology

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence

VOLUME=Volume 7 - 2024

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2024.1493716

DOI=10.3389/frai.2024.1493716

ISSN=2624-8212

ABSTRACT=IntroductionGenerating physician letters is a time-consuming task in daily clinical practice.MethodsThis study investigates local fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs), specifically LLaMA models, for physician letter generation in a privacy-preserving manner within the field of radiation oncology.ResultsOur findings demonstrate that base LLaMA models, without fine-tuning, are inadequate for effectively generating physician letters. The QLoRA algorithm provides an efficient method for local intra-institutional fine-tuning of LLMs with limited computational resources (i.e., a single 48 GB GPU workstation within the hospital). The fine-tuned LLM successfully learns radiation oncology-specific information and generates physician letters in an institution-specific style. ROUGE scores of the generated summary reports highlight the superiority of the 8B LLaMA-3 model over the 13B LLaMA-2 model. Further multidimensional physician evaluations of 10 cases reveal that, although the fine-tuned LLaMA-3 model has limited capacity to generate content beyond the provided input data, it successfully generates salutations, diagnoses and treatment histories, recommendations for further treatment, and planned schedules. Overall, clinical benefit was rated highly by the clinical experts (average score of 3.4 on a 4-point scale).DiscussionWith careful physician review and correction, automated LLM-based physician letter generation has significant practical value.