AUTHOR=Barsumyan Artur , Shyla Raman , Saukkonen Anton , Soost Christian , Graw Jan Adriaan , Burchard Rene 

TITLE=Quantifying training response in cycling based on cardiovascular drift using machine learning

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence

VOLUME=Volume 8 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1623384

DOI=10.3389/frai.2025.1623384

ISSN=2624-8212

ABSTRACT=PurposeThe most important parameter influencing performance in endurance sports is aerobic fitness, the quality of the cardiovascular system for efficient oxygen supply of working muscles to produce mechanical work. Each individual athlete responds differently to training. However, for coaches it is not always easy to see improvement, accumulated fatigue, or overreaching. In the new era of technology, we propose an experimental method using machine learning (ML) to measure response quantified as aerobic fitness level based on cardiovascular drift and aerobic decoupling data.MethodsTwenty well-trained athletes in cycling-based sports performed monthly aerobic fitness tests over five months, riding at 75% of their functional threshold power for 60 min. Based on aerobic decoupling (power-to-heart rate ratio) and cardiovascular drift of each test ride, a prediction model was created using ML (Logistic regression, Variational Gaussian Process models and k-nearest neighbors algorithm) that indicated whether or not an athlete was responding to the training. Athletes were spitted as responders (i.e., those showing improvements in cardiovascular drift and aerobic decoupling) or non-responders.ResultsCardiovascular drift and aerobic decoupling demonstrated a significant strong linear correlation. All ML models achieved good predictive performance in classifying athletes as responders or non-responders, with cross-validation accuracy ranging from 0.87 to 0.9. Average predictive accuracy of 0.86 was for k-nearest neighbors, 0.91 for logistic regression, 0.93 for Variational Gaussian Process model. The Variational Gaussian Process model achieved the highest classification for training response.ConclusionCardiovascular drift and aerobic decoupling are reliable indicators of response to training stimulus. ML is a promising tool for monitoring training response in endurance sports, offering early and sensitive insights into fitness adaptations or fatigue that can support more personalized training decisions for coaches and athletes.