AUTHOR=Hameed Sidra , Nauman Muhammad , Akhtar Nadeem , Fayyaz Muhammad A. B. , Nawaz Raheel 

TITLE=Explainable AI-driven depression detection from social media using natural language processing and black box machine learning models

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence

VOLUME=Volume 8 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1627078

DOI=10.3389/frai.2025.1627078

ISSN=2624-8212

ABSTRACT=IntroductionMental disorders are highly prevalent in modern society, leading to substantial personal and societal burdens. Among these, depression is one of the most common, often exacerbated by socioeconomic, clinical, and individual risk factors. With the rise of social media, user-generated content offers valuable opportunities for the early detection of mental disorders through computational approaches.MethodsThis study explores the early detection of depression using black-box machine learning (ML) models, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques TF-IDF, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), N-grams, Bag of Words (BoW), and GloVe embeddings were employed to extract linguistic and semantic features. To address the interpretability limitations of black-box models, Explainable AI (XAI) methods were integrated, specifically the Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME).ResultsExperimental findings demonstrate that SVM achieved the highest accuracy in detecting depression from social media data, outperforming RF and other models. The application of LIME enabled granular insights into model predictions, highlighting linguistic markers strongly aligned with established psychological research.DiscussionUnlike most prior studies that focus primarily on classification accuracy, this work emphasizes both predictive performance and interpretability. The integration of LIME not only enhanced transparency and interpretability but also improved the potential clinical trustworthiness of ML-based depression detection models.