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        <title>Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence | Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/sections/machine-learning-and-artificial-intelligence</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence section in the Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-08-11T13:07:26.452+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1880282</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1880282</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Improved graph-based model for phishing website detection using multi-level web page graphs and dynamic heterogeneous graph attention network]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>S. Kavya</author><author>D. Sumathi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Modern phishing pages are challenging to detect because they can appear like legitimate brand sites using dynamic document object model (DOM) structures, misleading visual displays, and changing hyperlinks. Most conventional blacklists and URL-based methods do not capture the relationships at multiple levels of the web page structure. In this paper, we introduce a new graph-based phishing detection method to represent a web page with a Multi-Level Web Page Graph (MLWPG). MLWPGs incorporate DOM hierarchies, rendered visual blocks, and hyperlink relations into one heterogeneous graph. We use a novel Deep Learning Method called DHGAN that has Type-Aware Attention and Dynamic Convolution to learn how to differentiate discriminative interaction amongst structural, spatial, and navigation elements. APDA will be used in feature space to enhance robustness to evasive phishing versions. Using a balanced data set of 50,000 web pages, our complete pipeline showed a 97.0% accuracy, 96.8% F1-Score, 3.0% False Positive Rate, and 95.5% Robustness to Adversaries. The proposed MLWPG-DHGAN-APDA framework outperformed all baseline models. Our experimental results demonstrate that multi-level graph models provide improvements to both detection accuracy and reliability of operation for real-time phishing defenses.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1784973</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1784973</link>
        <title><![CDATA[What really happens when a dev vibes with the code? An empirical study on LLM behavioral divergence in response to expressive code comments]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Angela N. Johnson</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionWe investigate how expressive inline code comments written in various developer styles, functional to progressively poetic, philosophical, and misleading, affect large language model (LLM) behavior during code optimization.MethodsIn this pilot study, we used a controlledmerge sort implementation across five stylistic variants and evaluated GPT-5 and Claude Opus 4.1 under standardized console prompts, isolating the effect of embedded comment semiotic variation. Seven expert developers (three senior, four mid-level) scored model outputs against adapted ISO/IEC 25010 criteria and novel LLM suggestibility index (LSI) framework.ResultsSemiotic character of comments measurably altered code quality, with consensus-score reliability ICC(2, k) = 0.65–0.81 for six of seven dimensions; single-rater Krippendorff's α = 0.232 reflects substantial interpretive variability. Claude exhibited higher interpretive sensitivity (mean behavioral divergence 4.00; SD 1.16), while GPT-5 maintained stronger architectural fidelity (mean divergence 3.58; SD 1.26). Reflective comments (philosophical, conversational) were associated with Claude's highest maintainability scores in our panel (both M = 4.00, ~8% above stock M = 3.71), while the same philosophical comments reduced GPT-5 maintainability (M = 2.86), suggesting asymmetric model responses to expressive context.ConclusionsThese findings position inline comments as model-sensitive latent semantic prompts, with implications for AI-in-the-loop development and design of comment conventions for AI-assisted maintenance.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1884843</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1884843</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Automated evaluation of dental cavity preparation quality using deep learning and anatomically informed geometric analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Abdullah F. Alshammari</author><author>Bassam A. Anazi</author><author>Mahvish Khan</author><author>Hamdan A. Alshammari</author><author>Najmah A. Almowina</author><author>Yousef E. Alenezi</author><author>Saif Khan</author><author>Shafiul Haque</author><author>Ahmed A. Madfa</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThe quality of cavity preparation critically influences the longevity and success of restorative dental treatments. Current assessment methods remain largely subjective, relying on visual inspection and examiner judgment, which are prone to variability and limited reproducibility. Although three-dimensional (3D) imaging enables quantitative evaluation, its routine use in clinical and educational settings is limited by cost, accessibility, and workflow complexity.ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop an automated, objective, and clinically interpretable framework for evaluating dental cavity preparation quality using standard two-dimensional (2D) images, with optional integration of 3D depth information.MethodsA deep learning pipeline based on enhanced U-Net architectures was developed to automatically segment cavity and cusp regions from 2D molar photographs. Anatomically informed geometric analyses were applied to quantify cavity-shape similarity, intercuspal distance, isthmus width, and cavity proportionality. Global cavity-shape conformity was assessed using Elliptic Fourier Descriptors (EFDs), enabling scale-, rotation-, and translation-invariant comparisons with reference preparations. When 3D STL data were available, cavity depth and cavity-bed smoothness were additionally quantified. These measurements were integrated into a transparent Cavity Quality Score (CQS) ranging from 1 to 10.ResultsThe cavity segmentation model achieved an internal validation Dice coefficient of 0.81 and an Intersection-over-Union of 0.74, while cusp segmentation achieved a Dice coefficient of 0.83. External validation using measurements from three independent experts demonstrated close agreement between automated predictions and expert consensus for EFD cavity-shape similarity (MAE = 1.32 percentage points; r = 0.981), pooled isthmus-width measurements (MAE = 0.03 mm; r = 0.995), pooled cusp-pair distances (MAE = 0.08 mm; r = 0.999), and cavity depth estimation (absolute error ≈ 0.01 mm).ConclusionThis study presents a hybrid, explainable artificial intelligence framework for objective assessment of dental cavity preparation using widely available 2D images. By integrating deep learning with anatomically informed geometric analysis, the proposed CQS offers a transparent and scalable tool for formative feedback in clinical and competency-based dental education. Further validation against expert summative grading is required before high-stakes implementation.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1886896</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1886896</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Predicting influenza in the post-COVID era: assessing LSTM, GRU, and transformer robustness to covariate shift]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Atiqa Naeem Alam Din</author><author>Woldegebriel Assefa Woldegerima</author><author>Jianhong Wu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Forecasting influenza has become increasingly challenging due to post-COVID disruptions in seasonality and strain circulation. This work compares the performance of Long Short Term Memory Networks (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and transformer models in forecasting influenza spread using multivariate epidemiological and environmental data, with a focus on robustness under post-COVID non-stationarity. We compare LSTM, GRU, and transformer architectures within a multivariate deep learning framework using influenza and temperature data from Ontario (2014–2025), with data split into training, validation, and testing periods. Although recurrent models outperform transformers on limited, noisy data, all architectures exhibit marked performance collapse under post-COVID non-stationarity. The GRU and LSTM track pre-COVID seasonal peaks more closely, yet both substantially under-estimate the post-COVID resurgence, indicating that none of the models generalize across the regime shift. These findings position our study as a diagnostic of how architectural inductive biases break down under covariate shift. Furthermore, this manuscript assesses how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the accuracy and performance of machine learning algorithms and notes the integration of transfer learning and attention mechanisms to improve model performance.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1826633</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1826633</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A systematic literature review exploring the application of deep learning in electric vehicles from 2015 to 2025]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>John Vianney Ssennono</author><author>Javeed Kittur</author><author>Sabah-Ud-Din Waqar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionElectric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly gaining popularity and global recognition, driven by their reliability, flexibility, simplicity, and scalability. This paper provides a systematic literature review of research at the intersection of electric vehicles and deep learning, aiming to identify current advancements and explore their potential for future scalability.MethodsA total of 92 publications from 2015 to 2025 were included in the final synthesis phase of the review. These works were categorized into five key themes: data-driven research on electric vehicles and deep learning, societal integration of electric vehicles, implications of electric vehicle adoption, software considerations, and challenges and solutions enabled by deep learning. Crucially, the scope of this synthesis extends into state-of-the-art frameworks spanning 2025 and 2026, evaluating deep learning’s dual footprint in vehicle-level mechanical safety systems, such as machine learning-driven brake-blending policies optimizing regenerative energy capture and fleet-level performance logistics via neural network-driven predictive maintenance optimization.ResultsThe findings for each theme and their implications for research and practice are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, a descriptive analysis of research trends shows: (1) a steady increase in publications each year; (2) a majority of contributions originating from China; (3) diverse deep learning approaches being applied to tackle various challenges within the electric vehicle industry; and (4) significant opportunities for the development, testing, and deployment of deep learning technologies and algorithms in the electric vehicle domain.DiscussionThe findings highlight the growing applicwation of deep learning across the electric vehicle domain and demonstrate significant opportunities for the continued development, testing, and deployment of deep learning technologies and algorithms to support future advancements and scalability in electric vehicles.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1868693</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1868693</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Fear-driven predator–prey dynamics with prey refuge: analytical framework and physics-informed neural network approach]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>G. Ramraj</author><author>T. Poornima</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Ecological communities are governed not only by direct consumption but also by indirect behavioral responses triggered by perceived predation risk. Predator-induced fear substantially suppresses prey reproductive output and foraging efficiency even when lethal predation is absent, a mechanism documented across a wide range of taxa including songbirds, ungulates, and marine invertebrates. Motivated by this observation, we formulate a deterministic two-species model that simultaneously incorporates fear-mediated prey growth reduction, partial prey refuge, density-dependent intraspecific regulation, and predator self-interference. The proposed model is distinguished from existing fear–refuge frameworks by jointly embedding four ecological mechanisms within a single functional-response denominator 1 + kv + αu, producing qualitatively novel stability thresholds absent in models incorporating only subsets of these effects. Biological admissibility is rigorously established through positivity and uniform boundedness proofs. The boundedness condition cβ(1-δ)<2aη is derived from first principles by applying Sylvester's criterion to the cross-interaction quadratic form. Three ecologically meaningful equilibria are identified and their local stability is characterized via carefully re-derived Jacobian linearization and the Routh–Hurwitz criterion. Numerical experiments via the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method reveal convergence to a stable coexistence equilibrium across the explored parameter ranges, with the approach transitioning from a stable node to a stable focus as predation intensifies; no sustained oscillations are observed. A physics-informed neural network (PINN) is constructed with four hidden layers of 64 neurons each, tanh activations, Adam followed by L-BFGS training over 10,000 iterations, and 200 collocation points, achieving maximum absolute errors of 7.98 × 10−3 (prey) and 5.83 × 10−3 (predator) relative to the RK4 reference. Comparison with a data-driven neural network of identical architecture shows a fivefold accuracy improvement from the physics-informed loss. Numerical evidence for global stability is reported; rigorous Lyapunov-based analysis is identified as future work.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1895239</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1895239</link>
        <title><![CDATA[GA-AFedOD: gradient-aligned active federated learning for resource-aware object detection in edge industrial IoT]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zepeng Wang</author><author>Xiaogang Yuan</author><author>Jie Chen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Visual object detection is essential for defect inspection and process monitoring in edge-deployed Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Yet, training accurate detectors across distributed factories faces stringent constraints on data privacy, annotation budgets, and uplink communication. Standard federated learning (FL) preserves locality but often wastes labeling resources on redundant frames and overlooks detection-specific gradient alignment when scheduling clients. To bridge this gap, we propose Gradient-Aligned Active Federated Object Detection (GA-AFedOD), a unified framework that jointly optimizes annotation selection, client participation, and model aggregation as a constrained stochastic program. A novel utility metric integrates box-level uncertainty, prototype diversity, gradient alignment, and resource pricing, enabling edge clients to perform locally guided active querying while the server solves a lightweight primal-dual problem for budget-aware client scheduling. We prove a submodular approximation guarantee for the greedy sampling rule and establish a non-convex convergence bound that explicitly captures the impact of label budgets, client drift, and compression noise. This article further clarifies the relationship with recent federated active learning and industrial detection studies, adds parameter and theory-diagnostic analyses, and distinguishes controlled simulation evidence from real-world deployment validation on industrial datasets such as RasPiDets, Electric Power Fitting Dataset (EPFD), and Diverse Insulator Dataset (DINS). Controlled simulation results show that GA-AFedOD achieves considerably higher mean average precision (mAP) while reducing both annotation costs and uplink consumption by over 40% compared with competitive baselines.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1881543</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1881543</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Generative AI-enhanced synthetic X-ray augmentation with gradient-based selection for battery detection in WEEE]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Farhan Mahmood</author><author>George Chryssinas</author><author>Myrto Inglezou</author><author>Evangelos Katralis</author><author>Panagiotis Chatzakos</author><author>Antonios Porichis</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Automated detection of batteries in Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) using X-ray imaging is critical for safe recycling, yet collecting large annotated real-world datasets remains prohibitively expensive and hazardous. This paper proposes a three-stage synthetic data pipeline to improve battery detection under limited labeled data conditions. First, dual-energy X-ray images are generated using physics-based ray-casting in Blender with automatic pixel-level annotation. Second, the synthetic-to-real domain gap is reduced using unpaired CycleGAN-based image translation. Finally, a class-conditional gradient-alignment criterion is introduced to rank synthetic training candidates by their cosine similarity to reference gradients computed from real validation data, ensuring that only the most informative synthetic samples are injected into training. The pipeline is evaluated on a real X-ray dataset of 127 scanned WEEE devices annotated across four battery categories. Under a limited-data regime of 400 real training images, our best configuration, gradient-selected CycleGAN-translated synthetic data at +30 images per class, achieves 0.621 mAP50:95 and 0.864 mAP50, surpassing the limited-data real-only baseline (0.563/0.832) evaluated on the same held-out test set, and reaching a performance level comparable to that of a full-data reference model trained on 800 real images (0.590/0.850, evaluated on a separate test split). Ablation studies confirm that gradient-based selection consistently outperforms random sampling under matched budgets, and that domain translation provides additional complementary gains. Overall, the main outcome of this research is that adding only 120 curated synthetic images yields an absolute gain of +0.058 mAP50:95, a 10.3% relative improvement over the real-only baseline under identical training and evaluation conditions. These results demonstrate that carefully curated synthetic augmentation can compensate for real data scarcity in industrial X-ray inspection, with direct implications for scalable automated WEEE recycling.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1925121</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1925121</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correction: Exploiting explanations for model extraction via knowledge distillation and mitigation with private counterfactuals]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Fatima Ezzeddine</author><author>Silvia Giordano</author><author>Omran Ayoub</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1856630</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1856630</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Federated spatio-temporal graph neural network for privacy-preserving vehicle trajectory prediction in autonomous driving]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Aditi Joshi</author><author>Amrutha P</author><author>Vaidehi Prajapati</author><author>Sudha Anbalagan</author><author>Suganeshwari G</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Accurate vehicle trajectory prediction plays a vital role in autonomous driving and intelligent transport systems. Deep learning models like LSTM, CNN, GNN, etc., have shown remarkable performance but often operate in a centralized setting, aggregating raw trajectory data at the server. Furthermore, the majority of models focus on either spatial or temporal features alone, but overlook the information that can be obtained by combining spatio-temporal features. This leads to major privacy concerns, issues with centralized data, and scalability problems. To overcome these challenges, we introduce a Federated Spatio-Temporal Synchronous Dynamic Graph Neural Network (Federated STSDGNN) framework for privacy-preserving and adaptive trajectory prediction. Using the highD dataset, trajectories are segmented into spatiotemporal sequences and represented as dynamic interaction graphs. Each client (vehicle or roadside unit) locally trains an STSDGNN consisting of a pre-processing module, a spatial-temporal synchronization module (GCN/GAT with GRU) and a prediction module (CNN with MLP). Clients send only model updates, which are aggregated by the server using a federated learning algorithm. This design improves privacy, achieves approximately 23.5% lower RMSE compared to the centralized STSDGNN baseline in the conducted experiments, and has the potential to support future privacy-preserving V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1892739</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1892739</link>
        <title><![CDATA[AdaK: adaptive KV cache budget estimation framework for analyzing long-context large language model inference]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Tianjun Shao</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe deployment of LLMs on resource-constrained hardware is hindered by the memory-intensive KV Cache mechanism.MethodsWe propose AdaK, an adaptive KV cache budget estimation framework with three strategies: entropy-based thresholding, task-aware lookup table, and a lightweight policy network.ResultsAdaK reveals estimated KV cache reductions of up to 17.9% relative to fixed-k = 2048 baselines across 16 settings on Qwen3-4B, Qwen3-8B, and Mistral-7B.DiscussionAdaK's decoupled design enables safe budget estimation as a dynamic ceiling for downstream sparse attention kernels.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1872217</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1872217</link>
        <title><![CDATA[EdgeLane-SEG: an energy-efficient embedded edge AI framework for real-time road marking and lane lines detection with instance segmentation in ADAS and autonomous driving]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Mohammed Chaman</author><author>Anas El Maliki</author><author>Wiame Bouyoussef</author><author>Abdelmounaim Belaaribi</author><author>Younes Laababid</author><author>Zouhair Sadoune</author><author>Abdelkader Mezouari</author><author>Hamad Dahou</author><author>Abdelkader Hadjoudja</author>
        <description><![CDATA[ObjectiveAccurate and energy-efficient perception of road-surface markings is essential for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving, particularly under real-time embedded constraints. This study proposes EdgeLane-SEG, a unified framework designed to achieve high instance segmentation accuracy while maintaining low computational cost and power consumption on resource-constrained edge platforms.MethodsThe proposed framework integrates two single-stage models, YOLO11-SEG and YOLO26-SEG, for joint object detection and instance segmentation. A dedicated dataset of 10,542 annotated images with 23,420 labeled instances was constructed, covering lane markings, directional arrows, and pedestrian crossings. Both models were trained under identical conditions using a unified multi-task loss combining IoU-based regression, objectness, classification, and hybrid Binary Cross-Entropy and Dice segmentation losses. Performance was evaluated using precision, recall, F1-score, mAP@0.5, mAP@0.5–0.95, FPS, and FPS/W. Deployment was conducted on NVIDIA Jetson Nano, Raspberry Pi 5, Raspberry Pi 5 with Intel Movidius VPU, and Raspberry Pi 5 with Hailo-8 NPU.ResultsBoth models achieved high detection and segmentation performance, with mAP@0.5 exceeding 98%. YOLO26-SEG demonstrated superior inference speed and energy efficiency across all platforms, achieving higher FPS and FPS/W than YOLO11-SEG. The Hailo-8 NPU configuration achieved the best embedded performance, reaching 50–52.6 FPS and 18.85 FPS/W for YOLO26-SEG.ConclusionEdgeLane-SEG effectively balances accuracy, efficiency, and deployment feasibility. YOLO26-SEG with Hailo-8 NPU acceleration is particularly suitable for real-time embedded ADAS applications, enabling energy-efficient and reliable road perception in resource-constrained environments.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1886098</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1886098</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Trust-driven consensus reaching in human-AI hybrid large-scale group decision-making]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xinyu Wang</author><author>Xuanhua Xu</author><author>Weiwei Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionTo address the issues of insufficient trust representation, lack of feedback in opinion conflicts, and low consensus convergence efficiency in human-AI hybrid group decision-making, this paper proposes a trust-driven consensus-reaching method for human-AI collaborative decision-making.MethodsCentered on trust modeling, the proposed method integrates human experts and large language models into a unified collaborative framework. By constructing dynamic trust relationships among multiple agents, it realizes the coupled evolution of trust mechanisms and opinion dynamics. Furthermore, a differentiated opinion updating mechanism is designed based on trust propagation, and combined with consensus measurement and feedback regulation to form an iterative process from initial opinions to a stable consensus solution.ResultsBased on the Zhengzhou “7.20” rainstorm case, and in comparison with traditional weight adjustment methods and dynamic regulation methods based on deep reinforcement learning, the proposed method preliminarily validates its potential advantages in the above indicators.DiscussionUnder the conditions of this case, the proposed method exhibits a trend of achieving higher consensus quality with lower intervention costs.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1837513</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1837513</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A comparative evaluation of quantum machine learning architectures for breast cancer classification using clinical and genomic data]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Saartak Allena</author><author>Smrithy G. S.</author><author>Balaji Chandrasekaran</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionIn recent years, high-dimensional clinical and genomic data have gained significant importance for prognosis and personalized medicine in breast cancer. But the use of quantum machine learning (QML) on such data is limited by the availability of few qubits, the computation time of quantum simulation, and dimensionality reduction. This work systematically compares several QML architectures for breast cancer classification in the presence of realistic and simulator constraints.MethodsThe experiments were performed on a dataset of METABRIC breast cancer patients (2,509 patients). After handling missing values and one-hot encoding, there were 63 features in the processed data set. The feature space was reduced by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to 12, 4 and 2 components for the implementations of quantum computers, respectively, with 56.10 ± 0.14%, 26.78 ± 0.57% and 16.23 ± 0.33% of the variance retained. Three QML models were tested: Quantum Neural Networks (QNN), Quantum K-Nearest Neighbors (QKNN), and Quantum Support Vector Machines (QSVM), with the models being simulated. Seven classical classification models were tested: Logistic Regression, SVM with RBF kernel, K-Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest, XGBoost, LightGBM and Multilayer Perceptron, both with PCA-matched and full 63-feature representation. All primary results are reported with 5-fold cross validation.ResultsAmong the evaluated QML architectures, QKNN using 12 principal components achieved the strongest performance, attaining an accuracy of **75.11% ± 3.76%**, an F1-score of **0.7088 ± 0.0433**, and a ROC-AUC of **0.8148 ± 0.0394**. Even though all of the QML models performed significantly poorly in comparison to classical models trained on the entire 63-feature data set, the latter models were able to achieve about **94% accuracy** with XGBoost, Random Forest, and Logistic Regression. The comparison also showed the effect of information loss due to PCA is significant in predictive performance in both classical and quantum models.DiscussionThe results show that for high dimensional breast cancer data, currently available simulator-based QML models can learn meaningful patterns with limited quantum resources, but are not as effective as powerful classical machine learning models when complete feature representations are available. The study does not report any sort of quantum advantage or clinical use, but rather a benchmark of current QML architectures that has been rigorously calculated and repeated, with a focus on the impact of dimensionality reduction, validation approaches, and simulator limitations, as well as outlining challenges that need to be overcome prior to practical implementation on real quantum hardware.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1861374</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1861374</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A hierarchical federated learning framework with FedNova, game-theoretic matching, and QKD-assisted privacy for the internet of vehicles]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>L. Jai Vinita</author><author>V. Vetriselvi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) supports essential intelligent transportation applications but encounters challenges in federated learning (FL) due to non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data, vehicle mobility, resource heterogeneity, and strict privacy requirements in latency-sensitive scenarios such as misbehavior detection and accident response. Traditional FL methods, such as random client selection and standard FedAvg, often experience slow convergence and reduced performance under non-IID conditions. We introduce a hierarchical federated learning framework for software-defined vehicular fog computing. The framework incorporates FedNova (a normalized-averaging aggregation method for heterogeneous federated optimization) to produce normalized model updates under data heterogeneity, a Reward-Based Payoff Strategy (RBPS) for incentive-aware client selection, and game-theoretic vehicle-aggregator matching based on the college admissions problem. Privacy is strengthened through quantum key distribution (QKD)-assisted secure key establishment and classical gradient masking, with quantum circuit simulation used to assess future enhancements. The three-layer architecture includes vehicles, Roadside Unit (RSU)/ Base Station (BS)-level aggregators, and a Software-Defined Network Controller (SDNC) global aggregator. The framework uses both monetary and service-based incentives, such as toll exemptions, to encourage vehicle participation. Hybrid simulations using OMNeT++, Veins, SUMO, and the VeReMi misbehavior detection dataset show that the proposed approach achieves 94.8% classification accuracy [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 92.7–97.0 over 10 runs], converges in 120 rounds (33% faster than FedAvg), and reduces average latency by 29% (320 ms compared to 450 ms for FedAvg), with statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05). These gains enable faster model adaptation to evolving attacks (5–10 min shorter training cycles) and support real-time safety applications where delays above 400 ms can compromise road safety. Ablation studies confirm the complementary roles of FedNova, RBPS, and matching. Although quantum operations are currently simulated classically, the design remains compatible with future quantum hardware.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1894116</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1894116</link>
        <title><![CDATA[AI without representation is just inequity at scale: on the exportation of unrepresentative artificial intelligence models to the Global South]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Opinion</category>
        <author>César Abelardo Tinco Aliaga</author><author>Myles Joshua Toledo Tan</author><author>Vasco Gerardo Hinostroza Fuentes</author><author>Hezerul Abdul Karim</author><author>Nouar AlDahoul</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1849315</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1849315</link>
        <title><![CDATA[TriFusion-ADFormer: a deep learning framework for early Alzheimer’s disease detection using MRI and cognitive metrics]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>S. Sabari Vasan</author><author>P. Jayalakshmi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with the gradual loss of cognitive functions and neuronal degeneration. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for timely therapeutic intervention and improved patient management. However, effectively integrating complementary multimodal information for reliable AD classification remains a significant challenge.MethodsThis study proposes TriFusion-ADFormer, a multimodal deep learning framework for multiclass classification of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively normal (CN) subjects. The framework extracts structural MRI features and MRI-derived clinical text summary based on volumetric measurements and cognitive assessment features such as MMSE, GDS, Global CDR, FAQ, and NPI-Q, then fuses them to classify the disease.ResultsThe proposed TriFusion-ADFormer achieved an overall classification accuracy of 86.0%, a Macro AUC of 0.93, and an F1-score of 86.0% for multiclass AD classification. Moreover, the MRI-based clinical summaries were also consistently consistent with structural abnormalities typically associated with AD, such as diffuse brain atrophy, which further supports the interpretability of the proposed framework.DiscussionThe results show that the combination of multimodal information from structural MRI, semantic clinical summary generated from the MRI, and cognitive assessment scores enhances the accuracy and interpretability of Alzheimer’s diagnosis. The results highlight the potential of incorporating complementary imaging, semantic, and cognitive features for better multiclass classification of AD, MCI, and CN in a transformer framework.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1826465</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1826465</link>
        <title><![CDATA[AI-based secure event-driven serverless architecture for scalable digital civic participation platform]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Aizhan Kassymova</author><author>Abdul Razaque</author><author>Raissa Uskenbayeva</author><author>Zhuldyz Kalpeyeva</author><author>Aizhan Anartayeva</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionWith the growing digitalization of urban governance and the increasing demand for transparency, sustainability and secure decision-making, the need for scalable and intelligent digital civic platforms has been raised. However, current e-participation systems are often plagued by challenges related to scalability, regulatory compliance, digital sovereignty and secure citizen authentication. The challenges are tackled in this paper by proposing an AI-enabled serverless architecture for next generation digital civic engagement.MethodsThis study proposes an AI-based Secure Event-driven Serverless Participation Architecture (SESPA) for digital e-participation services based on the Citizen Participation Event Model (CPEM), where each citizen interaction is treated as an event within a continuous decision-making process. Architecture employs an event-driven serverless computing paradigm integrated with artificial intelligence modules for biometric citizen verification and anomaly detection. To satisfy the digital sovereignty requirements of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a hybrid data localization model is introduced that separates personally identifiable information from anonymized analytical events. The proposed dual-loop architecture stores sensitive citizen data within national infrastructure while enabling cloud-based processing of anonymized event streams for scalable analytics without violating regulatory requirements.ResultsAn experimental prototype was evaluated under workloads of up to 10,000 concurrent users. The results demonstrated stable latency across p50, p75, p95, and p99 percentile metrics, efficient scalability through provisioned concurrency, and reduced total cost of ownership compared with an equivalent Kubernetes-based deployment. Moreover, the addition of AI modules to the event-processing pipeline added little latency overhead and allowed for precise detection of anomalous and suspicious participation behavior in controlled experimental workloads.Discussion and conclusionThe proposed SESPA architecture effectively combines event-driven serverless computing, AI-assisted security mechanisms and hybrid data localization to provide a secure, scalable and regulation-compliant digital participation platform. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework offers a good technology foundation for next generation smart city applications by supporting high citizen engagement, regulatory compliance, digital sovereignty and intelligent decision-making, while maintaining high system performance and cost efficiency.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1848216</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1848216</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A four-module neural architecture for the automatic extraction and classification of causal relations in text]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Roman Taberkhan</author><author>Nurbolat Tasbolatuly</author><author>Madina Sambetbayeva</author><author>Saule Tazhibayeva</author><author>Nurmira Zhumay</author><author>Bayangali Abdygalym</author><author>Mira Kaldarova</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This article presents a four-module system for the automatic extraction and classification of causal relationships from texts in the Kazakh language, based on the fine-tuning of the KazBERT transformer language model. The proposed architecture includes four specialized modules: recognition of lexical causality markers (Token Classification, B/I-MARKER); segmentation of cause-effect clauses (Token Classification, B/I-CAUSE · B/I-EFFECT); classification of Tv forms of markers (Sequence Classification, 16 classes); determination of the type of the marker’s syntactic construction—Model Group (Sequence Classification: SYNTHETIC/ANALYTIC/ANALYTICO-SYNTHETIC). The training was conducted using an original annotated corpus consisting of 3,223 sentences in the Kazakh language. The architecture is supplemented by a deterministic positional inversion algorithm for explanatory markers (sebebi, öitkenı, sondyqtan, etc.), which automatically restores the correct CAUSE-EFFECT argument order. Experiments have demonstrated that KazBERT outperforms the baseline models XLM-RoBERTa and mBERT: macro-F1 scores were 0.901 (tags), 0.865 (clauses), 0.884 (Tv-form), and 0.927 (construction type). The scientific novelty lies in the first publicly released four-level annotated corpus of Kazakh causal constructions, the operationalization of the established Turkological synthetic/analytic distinction—extended with a corpus-attested ANALYTICO-SYNTHETIC class—as a four-module annotation target, and a deterministic positional-inversion post-processor that corrects systematic argument-order errors for analytic markers.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1867175</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1867175</link>
        <title><![CDATA[An explainable end-to-end computer vision pipeline for detection, segmentation, and reconstruction of occluded weapons in forensic imagery]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Vaibhav Rohella</author><author>Kumar Anurag</author><author>Aditya Kumar</author><author>Manjula V.</author><author>Shanthi P.</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionImages from crime scenes often show partially concealed weapons due to obstructions such as hands and clothing, as well as surveillance camera limitations, which affect the efficacy of traditional detection methods. This work proposes an explainable forensic pipeline for occluded weapons detection, segmentation, and reconstruction.MethodsThe proposed framework integrates RT-DETR-L, a transformer-based weapon detection model; MobileSAM for zero-shot segmentation of visible weapon regions; Stable Diffusion Inpainting for reconstruction of occluded regions; and a bilateral filter with Canny edge detection for forensic sketch generation. The detector was trained using synthetic occlusion augmentation on five weapon categories, such as firearm, grenade, knife, pistol, and rocket, and fire as an additional class for the environmental hazard indicator.ResultsThe RT-DETR-L model achieves a mAP@50 of 0.86 and a mAP@50-95 of 0.65, averaged over the five weapon classes, on a dataset with synthetic occlusion augmentation. Reconstruction quality meets minimum quality thresholds (SSIM > 0.54, PSNR > 16 dB, Region IoU > 0.80) up to approximately 50% occlusion. An interactive Streamlite application demonstrates the pipeline’s feasibility in 42–46 seconds as a controlled laboratory prototype.DiscussionThe proposed explainable forensic pipeline highlights the potential of combining transformer-based detection with generative AI to assist forensic weapon analysis under challenging occlusion scenarios. The generated reconstructions and sketches are intended as visual aids for expert review and must undergo independent forensic validation before any operational use.]]></description>
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