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        <title>Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence | Organoid Intelligence section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/sections/organoid-intelligence</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Organoid Intelligence section in the Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-07T08:00:11.443+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2024.1376042</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2024.1376042</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Open and remotely accessible Neuroplatform for research in wetware computing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-05-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Technology and Code</category>
        <author>Fred D. Jordan</author><author>Martin Kutter</author><author>Jean-Marc Comby</author><author>Flora Brozzi</author><author>Ewelina Kurtys</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Wetware computing and organoid intelligence is an emerging research field at the intersection of electrophysiology and artificial intelligence. The core concept involves using living neurons to perform computations, similar to how Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are used today. However, unlike ANNs, where updating digital tensors (weights) can instantly modify network responses, entirely new methods must be developed for neural networks using biological neurons. Discovering these methods is challenging and requires a system capable of conducting numerous experiments, ideally accessible to researchers worldwide. For this reason, we developed a hardware and software system that allows for electrophysiological experiments on an unmatched scale. The Neuroplatform enables researchers to run experiments on neural organoids with a lifetime of even more than 100 days. To do so, we streamlined the experimental process to quickly produce new organoids, monitor action potentials 24/7, and provide electrical stimulations. We also designed a microfluidic system that allows for fully automated medium flow and change, thus reducing the disruptions by physical interventions in the incubator and ensuring stable environmental conditions. Over the past three years, the Neuroplatform was utilized with over 1,000 brain organoids, enabling the collection of more than 18 terabytes of data. A dedicated Application Programming Interface (API) has been developed to conduct remote research directly via our Python library or using interactive compute such as Jupyter Notebooks. In addition to electrophysiological operations, our API also controls pumps, digital cameras and UV lights for molecule uncaging. This allows for the execution of complex 24/7 experiments, including closed-loop strategies and processing using the latest deep learning or reinforcement learning libraries. Furthermore, the infrastructure supports entirely remote use. Currently in 2024, the system is freely available for research purposes, and numerous research groups have begun using it for their experiments. This article outlines the system’s architecture and provides specific examples of experiments and results.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2024.1385871</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2024.1385871</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Assembloid learning: opportunities and challenges for personalized approaches to brain functioning in health and disease]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-04-19T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Opinion</category>
        <author>Arianna Mencattini</author><author>Elena Daprati</author><author>David Della-Morte</author><author>Fiorella Guadagni</author><author>Federica Sangiuolo</author><author>Eugenio Martinelli</author>
        <description></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2023.1307613</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2023.1307613</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Brain organoids and organoid intelligence from ethical, legal, and social points of view]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-01-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Thomas Hartung</author><author>Itzy E. Morales Pantoja</author><author>Lena Smirnova</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Human brain organoids, aka cerebral organoids or earlier “mini-brains”, are 3D cellular models that recapitulate aspects of the developing human brain. They show tremendous promise for advancing our understanding of neurodevelopment and neurological disorders. However, the unprecedented ability to model human brain development and function in vitro also raises complex ethical, legal, and social challenges. Organoid Intelligence (OI) describes the ongoing movement to combine such organoids with Artificial Intelligence to establish basic forms of memory and learning. This article discusses key issues regarding the scientific status and prospects of brain organoids and OI, conceptualizations of consciousness and the mind–brain relationship, ethical and legal dimensions, including moral status, human–animal chimeras, informed consent, and governance matters, such as oversight and regulation. A balanced framework is needed to allow vital research while addressing public perceptions and ethical concerns. Interdisciplinary perspectives and proactive engagement among scientists, ethicists, policymakers, and the public can enable responsible translational pathways for organoid technology. A thoughtful, proactive governance framework might be needed to ensure ethically responsible progress in this promising field.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2023.1116870</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2023.1116870</link>
        <title><![CDATA[First Organoid Intelligence (OI) workshop to form an OI community]]></title>
        <pubdate>2023-02-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Itzy E. Morales Pantoja</author><author>Lena Smirnova</author><author>Alysson R. Muotri</author><author>Karl J. Wahlin</author><author>Jeffrey Kahn</author><author>J. Lomax Boyd</author><author>David H. Gracias</author><author>Timothy D. Harris</author><author>Tzahi Cohen-Karni</author><author>Brian S. Caffo</author><author>Alexander S. Szalay</author><author>Fang Han</author><author>Donald J. Zack</author><author>Ralph Etienne-Cummings</author><author>Akwasi Akwaboah</author><author>July Carolina Romero</author><author>Dowlette-Mary Alam El Din</author><author>Jesse D. Plotkin</author><author>Barton L. Paulhamus</author><author>Erik C. Johnson</author><author>Frederic Gilbert</author><author>J. Lowry Curley</author><author>Ben Cappiello</author><author>Jens C. Schwamborn</author><author>Eric J. Hill</author><author>Paul Roach</author><author>Daniel Tornero</author><author>Caroline Krall</author><author>Rheinallt Parri</author><author>Fenna Sillé</author><author>Andre Levchenko</author><author>Rabih E. Jabbour</author><author>Brett J. Kagan</author><author>Cynthia A. Berlinicke</author><author>Qi Huang</author><author>Alexandra Maertens</author><author>Kathrin Herrmann</author><author>Katya Tsaioun</author><author>Raha Dastgheyb</author><author>Christa Whelan Habela</author><author>Joshua T. Vogelstein</author><author>Thomas Hartung</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The brain is arguably the most powerful computation system known. It is extremely efficient in processing large amounts of information and can discern signals from noise, adapt, and filter faulty information all while running on only 20 watts of power. The human brain's processing efficiency, progressive learning, and plasticity are unmatched by any computer system. Recent advances in stem cell technology have elevated the field of cell culture to higher levels of complexity, such as the development of three-dimensional (3D) brain organoids that recapitulate human brain functionality better than traditional monolayer cell systems. Organoid Intelligence (OI) aims to harness the innate biological capabilities of brain organoids for biocomputing and synthetic intelligence by interfacing them with computer technology. With the latest strides in stem cell technology, bioengineering, and machine learning, we can explore the ability of brain organoids to compute, and store given information (input), execute a task (output), and study how this affects the structural and functional connections in the organoids themselves. Furthermore, understanding how learning generates and changes patterns of connectivity in organoids can shed light on the early stages of cognition in the human brain. Investigating and understanding these concepts is an enormous, multidisciplinary endeavor that necessitates the engagement of both the scientific community and the public. Thus, on Feb 22–24 of 2022, the Johns Hopkins University held the first Organoid Intelligence Workshop to form an OI Community and to lay out the groundwork for the establishment of OI as a new scientific discipline. The potential of OI to revolutionize computing, neurological research, and drug development was discussed, along with a vision and roadmap for its development over the coming decade.]]></description>
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