AUTHOR=Terui Yukino , Inoue Yuka , Hamakawa Yohei , Tatsumura Kosuke , Kudo Kazue 

TITLE=Collaborative filtering based on nonnegative/binary matrix factorization

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Big Data

VOLUME=Volume 8 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2025.1599704

DOI=10.3389/fdata.2025.1599704

ISSN=2624-909X

ABSTRACT=Collaborative filtering generates recommendations by exploiting user-item similarities based on rating data, which often contains numerous unrated items. To predict scores for unrated items, matrix factorization techniques such as nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) are often employed. Nonnegative/binary matrix factorization (NBMF), which is an extension of NMF, approximates a nonnegative matrix as the product of nonnegative and binary matrices. While previous studies have applied NBMF primarily to dense data such as images, this paper proposes a modified NBMF algorithm tailored for collaborative filtering with sparse data. In the modified method, unrated entries in the rating matrix are masked, enhancing prediction accuracy. Furthermore, utilizing a low-latency Ising machine in NBMF is advantageous in terms of the computation time, making the proposed method beneficial.