AUTHOR=Senechal Eva , Radeschi Daniel , Lv Shasha , Jeanne Emilie , Ruiz Ana Saveedra , Tao Lydia , Dulmage Brittany , Shalish Wissam , Kearney Robert Edward , Sant’Anna Guilherme 

TITLE=Wireless skin sensors for electrocardiogram and heart rate monitoring in the neonatal intensive care unit: a prospective feasibility, safety, and accuracy study

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1555882

DOI=10.3389/fbioe.2025.1555882

ISSN=2296-4185

ABSTRACT=ObjectivesAssess feasibility, safety, and accuracy of electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate (HR) monitoring in neonates, using a new wireless skin sensor.MethodsProspective observational study in infants of any gestational age admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit. ECG/HR signals were simultaneously recorded from a standard wired and new wireless system with bedside annotations. Feasibility was evaluated as signal coverage, gap numbers/durations, and sources of gaps. Safety was appraised by changes in skin condition and pain after/upon wireless sensor removal. Accuracy was measured using bias and 95% limits of agreement, and the coefficient of determination. The ability of the wireless sensors to detect normal and abnormal HR values was evaluated using a Clark Error Grid. Additionally, user satisfaction from parents and nurses were appraised using a short questionnaire.Results25 infants had 757 h of recorded signals over 96 days. ECG coverage was 99.9% [IQR: 99.9%–99.95%] for the wired vs 97.8% [IQR: 81.6%–99.9%; p < 0.00] for the wireless system, while HR coverage was 99.4% [IQR: 98.6%–99.9%] vs 89.7% [IQR: 75.6%–97.6%; p < 0.00]. Wireless ECG gaps were <5 s in 97% of cases, and HR gaps <30 s in 85%. All ECG gaps and 57% of HR gaps were due to Bluetooth disconnection (BD). 78% of BD in wireless HR were during kangaroo care (78%). Of 192 skin photographs (96 pairs), 98% were taken, showing increased but low skin scores post-removal, with median pain scores also low. Accuracy metrics showed strong agreement, with the Clark Error Grid indicating 97% of paired signals led to the same clinical outcome. Among 23 nurse and 18 parent responses, satisfaction with the wireless system was high.ConclusionECG and HR monitoring using a new wireless skin sensor was feasible, safe, and accurate when compared to the wired standard. Future adjustments in the technology are needed to improve signal coverage during handling and KC and test the sensors in unstable and more immature patients. Limitations included challenges in recruiting unstable neonates, variability introduced by multiple raters completing pain assessments, and inability to apply safety metrics to the wired standard of care.