AUTHOR=Al-Hamad Khalid A. , Asiri Ashwaq , Al-Qahtani Ali M. , Alotaibi Saud , Almalki Abdullah 

TITLE=Development and in-vitro validation of an intraoral wearable biofeedback system for bruxism management 

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1572970

DOI=10.3389/fbioe.2025.1572970

ISSN=2296-4185

ABSTRACT=IntroductionBruxism remains a diagnostic challenge, with no consistently reliable clinical approaches available to document the condition with satisfactory accuracy. This study aimed to incorporate a biosensor device into a conventional bite-night guard to detect bruxism in an in vitro setting.MethodsA sandwich-layering process was used to integrate stress and vibration sensors into an acrylic occlusal stabilization splint. The system included a microcontroller, control unit, and data acquisition module. Occlusal force signals were processed using artificial intelligence-based algorithms. A total of 200 repeated trials were conducted to evaluate system performance. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated as validation metrics.ResultsThe biosensor prototype demonstrated reliable performance across a force range of 274–700 N. Quantitative evaluation of the neural network yielded an accuracy of 91%, sensitivity of 88%, and specificity of 90% in distinguishing occlusal force thresholds.ConclusionThe findings confirm the feasibility of integrating biosensors within an intraoral appliance for bruxism detection in vitro. Future research should explore long-term durability testing in moist environments and conduct in vivo trials to validate clinical performance.