AUTHOR=Zhou Chuangan , Wang Siqi , Wu Meiyi , Lai Wei , Yao Junyu , Gou Xingyue , Ye Hui , Yi Jun , Cao Dong 

TITLE=Development of an upper limb muscle strength rehabilitation assessment system using particle swarm optimisation

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1619411

DOI=10.3389/fbioe.2025.1619411

ISSN=2296-4185

ABSTRACT=PurposeThis study develops a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based assessment system for evaluating upper extremity and shoulder joint muscle strength with potential application to stroke rehabilitation. This study validates the system on healthy adult volunteers using surface electromyography and joint motion data.MethodsThe system comprises a multimodal data acquisition module and a computational analysis pipeline. sEMG signals were collected non-invasively from the anterior, medial, and posterior deltoid muscles using bipolar electrode arrays. These signals are subjected to noise reduction and feature extraction. Simultaneously, triaxial kinematic data of the glenohumeral joint were obtained via an MPU6050 inertial measurement unit, processed through quaternion-based orientation estimation. Machine learning models, including Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and particle swarm optimization algorithms (PSO-BPNN, PSO-SVR), were applied for regression analysis. Model performance was evaluated using R-squared (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Bias Error (MBE).ResultsThe system successfully collected electromyographic and kinematic data. PSO-SVR achieved the best predictive performance (R2 = 0.8600, RMSE = 0.3122, MAE = 0.2453, MBE = 0.0293), outperforming SVR, PSO-BPNN, and BPNN.ConclusionThe PSO-SVR model demonstrated the highest accuracy, which can better facilitate therapists in conducting muscle strength rehabilitation assessments.SignificanceThis system enhances quantitative assessment of muscle strength in stroke patients, providing a reliable tool for rehabilitation monitoring and personalized therapy adjustments.