AUTHOR=Zhao Shuang , Zhang He 

TITLE=Key genes associated with brain metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer: novel insights from bioinformatics analysis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Bioinformatics

VOLUME=Volume 5 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioinformatics/articles/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1625664

DOI=10.3389/fbinf.2025.1625664

ISSN=2673-7647

ABSTRACT=BackgroundThis study aims to investigate potential biomarkers associated with NSCLC-BM and elucidate their regulatory roles in critical pathways involved in cerebral metastatic dissemination.MethodsThe identified DEGs were subjected to functional enrichment analysis. PPI networks were predicted using the STRING database and visualized with Cytoscape. Hub genes were subsequently screened from the PPI network to construct a transcription TF-miRNA regulatory network. Subsequent analyses included: survival analysis, immune infiltration assessment and comprehensive mutational profiling.ResultsAmong the 56 identified DEGs, 19 were upregulated while 37 were downregulated. GOntology enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in immune response, signaling receptor binding, and extracellular region. KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated predominant involvement in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signaling pathway. Through Cytoscape-based screening, we identified 10 hub genes: CD19, CD27, IL7R, SELL, CCL5, CCR5, PRF1, GZMK, GZMA, and TIGIT. The TF-miRNA regulatory network analysis uncovered 6 transcription factors (STAT5A/B, NFKB1, EGR1, RELA, and CTCF) and 4 miRNAs(hsa-miR-204, hsa-miR-148b, hsa-miR-618, and hsa-miR-103) as critical transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators of DEGs.Integrated analyses including Kaplan-Meier survival curves, immune infiltration profiling, and comprehensive mutational analysis demonstrated significant associations with brain metastatic progression in the studied cohort.ConclusionThis study provides novel biomarkers from a unique perspective for the diagnosis, prognosis, and development of molecular-targeted therapies or immunotherapies for brain metastasis in NSCLC.