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        <title>Frontiers in Biophysics | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/biophysics</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Biophysics | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-02T12:51:35.537+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2026.1773451</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2026.1773451</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Novel therapeutic approaches targeting biomechanical pathway alterations in bone diseases]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Malkiet Kaur</author><author>Manju Nagpal</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Bone is a living tissue that undergoes continuous remodelling. This process is regulated not only by hormones and nutrients but also by biomechanical forces such as load, pressure, strain, and stress. These forces are sensed through molecular pathways in a process known as mechanotransduction. Osteocytes act as the main mechanosensors, triggering pathways including integrins, Wnt/β-catenin, ion channels, and prostaglandins. Their activation increases osteoblast activity and reduces osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, helping to maintain skeletal strength and integrity. When these biomechanical pathways are disrupted, bone diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, etc., can develop. Current treatments rely largely on anti-resorptive and anabolic drugs, which improve bone turnover but do not correct the underlying mechanosensory defects. This makes targeting biomechanical pathways an exciting and novel therapeutic direction that could provide more effective and longer-lasting results. This review will explore how biomechanical regulation shapes bone biology, the consequences of altered mechanotransduction, and the recent advances in therapies designed to harness or restore these pathways. By drawing together knowledge from molecular biology, biomechanics, and clinical research, it aims to offer a broader perspective on improving bone disease management beyond traditional treatment approaches.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2026.1795884</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2026.1795884</link>
        <title><![CDATA[From the classical colloidal theory to biomolecular condensation: implications in health and disease]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Noelia A. Melian</author><author>Aldana Gomez</author><author>Milagros B. Abate</author><author>Pamela L. Toledo</author><author>Mario R. Ermácora</author><author>Diego S. Vazquez</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Biomolecular phase separation and condensation are fundamental mechanisms of cellular compartmentalization that regulate biochemical processes in space and time. From a biophysical standpoint, biomolecular condensates can be considered biological colloids that share key properties with classical colloidal systems. In this article, we integrate classical colloidal theory with recent advances in biomolecular condensation to exemplify how physicochemical parameters, including pH, ionic strength, metal ions, and post-translational modifications, modulate the assembly dynamics and material properties of biomolecular condensates under physiological and pathological conditions. Additionally, we highlight the relationship between phase separation and amyloid formation, emphasizing recent evidence that amyloid-promoting proteins can exhibit catalytic activity in condensed or aggregated states. This perspective redefines biomolecular condensation and amyloid formation as highly versatile processes with significant implications for cell biology, disease mechanisms, and therapies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2026.1804302</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2026.1804302</link>
        <title><![CDATA[IDRs in Cross-Membrane Transport: Regulation of Ion Channels and Transporters, Mechanistic Studies Made Possible by NMR and Computational Methods]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Olga Vinogradova</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The roles of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and regions (IDRs) in health and disease have gained increasing attention in recent years. Understanding their structure–activity relationships remains challenging, especially for integral membrane proteins. This manuscript reviews current knowledge on IDR functions in cross-membrane transport, with a focus on ion channels and transporters. It also examines how NMR and computational methods can provide atomic-level mechanistic insights into cross-membrane transport and link these findings to the roles of disorder in this process.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1710099</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1710099</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Functional study of a novel SCN4A variant c.611C>T identified in a Japanese patient with myasthenia]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-01-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Natsuki Kira</author><author>Kosuke Yoshida</author><author>Satoe Takahashi</author><author>Ayami Yamanaka</author><author>Takashi Kimura</author><author>Kazuaki Homma</author><author>Masanori P. Takahashi</author><author>Tomoya Kubota</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Recent advances in sequencing technologies have significantly contributed to the identification of disease-associated gene variants. However, a substantial number of patients, particularly those presenting with atypical neuromuscular phenotypes, remain genetically undiagnosed. Herein, we report a case of a Japanese patient with myasthenic symptoms in the eyelids and limbs rather than periodic paralysis having a novel heterozygous variant (c.611C>T) located at the 3′ end of exon 4 in SCN4A. The analysis of the proband’s SCN4A mRNA showed that this variant causes an alanine-to-valine missense change at the amino acid position of 204 (p.A204V, 39%) and a disruption of the splicing of exons 4 and 5 leading to the production of truncated Nav1.4 variant protein (p.A204Vfs*94, 4%). We anticipated that the p.A204V missense change would impair Nav1.4 function; however, the ion channel activity and membrane targeting of p.A204V Nav1.4 were found to be wild-type (WT)-like. We also examined the cytotoxicities of the p.A204V and p.A204Vfs*94 variants; however, the cell lines heterologously overexpressing these Nav1.4 variant proteins did not induce cell death any more than the WT control. Although the loss or gain of anomalous ion channel function that is commonly suspected in channelopathies was ruled out in the present case, the precise mechanism of the pathogenic role of c.611C>T SCN4A remains to be elucidated.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1693360</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1693360</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A blurry view of fuzzy objects: on the roles of low-resolution structural techniques in discovery and early characterization of intrinsically disordered proteins]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Vladimir N. Uversky</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The discovery of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) (and, therefore, the establishment of the field of protein intrinsic disorder) was initially driven by low-resolution techniques, which overturned the established “lock-and-key” paradigm of structural biology by showing that some proteins exist as a dynamic conformational ensemble rather than a single fixed structure. Though unable to provide atomic-level detail offered by X-ray crystallography or NMR, these methods were the first to reveal that many functional proteins exist as a dynamic ensemble of conformations rather than a single fixed structure. Furthermore, these techniques highlighted a limitation of high-resolution methods such as X-ray crystallography, which often could not resolve disordered regions. Curiously, despite the fact that X-ray crystallography requires rigid, crystalized samples and portrays the proteins as aperiodic crystals, this technique provided some early hints of intrinsic disorder that came from the “missing residues” in X-ray structures. Ultimately, by identifying proteins that lacked stable structures, these initial experiments utilizing low-resolution techniques drove the development of advanced approaches, such as specialized NMR techniques, to better characterize the dynamics of these proteins. The goal of this review is to emphasize the roles of low-resolution structural techniques in establishing the IDP field by showing some illustrative examples of IDPs they helped to discover in the years preceding the formal acceptance of the protein intrinsic disorder concept.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1693508</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1693508</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Vesicular and plasma membrane glutamate transporters]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Bart Borghans</author><author>Natalia Dmitrieva</author><author>Aleksandr Nikiforov</author><author>Christoph Fahlke</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. After exocytotic release from presynaptic nerve terminals, glutamate diffuses across the synaptic cleft and opens postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors, thus depolarizing the postsynaptic neuron. Synaptic activity is terminated by rapid and efficient uptake into surrounding neurons and glial cells. The function of a glutamatergic synapse thus critically depends on two distinct transport systems: vesicular and plasma membrane glutamate transporters. Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) accumulate glutamate in synaptic vesicles and determine the amount of released glutamate. Plasma membrane glutamate transporters (excitatory amino acid transporters, EAATs) clear the synaptic cleft from glutamate, setting the time resolution and energy demand of glutamatergic synaptic signaling. Both classes of glutamate transporters are not only secondary-active transporters, but also function as chloride channels, with different roles in chloride and glutamate homeostasis. Despite similar transport functions, VGLUTs and EAATs are structurally diverse and employ different molecular mechanisms to overcome the same chemical challenges. We here review recent progress in understanding the molecular and cellular biophysics of vesicular glutamate transporters and compare their properties with plasma membrane glutamate transporters.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1681011</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1681011</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Proton channel Hv1 modulates microglial responses to neurological disorders]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Maite Stratmann</author><author>Caterina Gagliardi</author><author>Melania Capasso</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Proton channels are transmembrane proteins that enable selective proton (H+) transport. The voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 or HVCN1 is the only one found in mammalian cells, primarily in immune cells, where it facilitates rapid proton extrusion in response to membrane depolarization, mediating outward proton currents. Therefore, it is well equipped to support NADPH-oxidase function, facilitating the proton flux that maintains physiological pH and membrane potential for efficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In the central nervous system (CNS), Hv1 is predominantly found in microglia. Its role in microglia homeostasis is yet to be elucidated; however, recent research has highlighted its involvement in neurological conditions, including demyelinating disease, spinal cord injury, stroke, and Parkinsonism. These studies have shown beneficial effects of Hv1 deletion, including improved neurological function, reduced microglial activation, enhanced myelination, and decreased neuroinflammation. This review explores the role of Hv1 in the CNS and its potential as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1652466</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1652466</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Identification of voltage-gated calcium currents in Helix (Cornu) serotonergic neurons, subcellular localization, and role in calcium dynamics and cellular firing of CaV2.1 and CaV2.2 subtypes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>María Laura Ríos-Reyes</author><author>Silvia Calvo-Corea</author><author>Oscar Brenes</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Calcium not only contributes to changes in membrane potential but also acts as a central regulator of multiple cellular processes. Invertebrates have had a critical role throughout history as biological models for studying the nervous system at the cellular level due to the relative simplicity of their neural circuits and their high resistance to experimental manipulation. Among them, land snails of the genus Helix present the previously described characteristics while also being easy to maintain in the laboratory, and their neurons in culture reproduce in vitro their in vivo characteristics. However, the electrophysiological properties of their neurons remain incompletely characterized, and thoroughly understanding the biological model is essential to fully exploit its capabilities. To better characterize the ionic properties and distribution of the voltage-gated calcium channels (CaVs) in the serotonergic C1 neuron of Helix aspersa, we employed patch clamp recordings, calcium imaging and immunocytochemistry. Our results indicate that the C1 neuron exhibits exclusively high-voltage activated calcium currents and, according to the pharmacological dissection, these are mediated by CaV2.1 and CaV2.2-like channels. The CaV2.2-like channels were primarily localized in neurites, whereas functional varicosities, those expressing exocytic machinery, predominantly contain CaV2.1-like channels.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1648934</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1648934</link>
        <title><![CDATA[From biophysics to cellular function: neural TELCs-membrane-anions capacitor transmembrane potential]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-18T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>James Weifu Lee</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Based on the transmembrane-electrostatically localized protons/cations charges (TELCs) theory, neural transmembrane potential including both resting and action potential is now well elucidated as the voltage contributed by the TELCs-membrane-anions capacitor biophysics in a neuron. Accordingly, neural transmembrane potential has an inverse relationship with TELCs surface density, which may represent a substantial progress in bettering the fundamental understanding of neuroscience. In this article, I will present a review on the latest development of the TELCs neural transmembrane potential theory and address Silverstein’s interesting arguments regarding the TELCs model that may constitute a complementary development to both the Hodgkin-Huxley classic cable theory and the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. A series of predictions from the TELCs model regarding crucial ion channels have exactly been experimentally observed in many well-established electrophysiological phenomena including (but not limited to): 1) The tetrodotoxin (TTX) sensitivity shows the complete blockade of action potentials by TTX; 2) Genetic knockout or mutation of critical ion channels abolishes action potential spike; and 3) The precise clustering of ion channels at the axonal initial segment and nodes of Ranvier underlies the ability to fire action potential spikes and the saltatory conduction along a myelinated axon. This indicates that the TELCs model can be well predictive and provide new opportunities as a theoretical tool for further research to better understand neurosciences.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1623880</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1623880</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Nanotribology of viruses reveals their adhesion strength and modality of motion on surfaces]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Charles Ault</author><author>Claudia Simon</author><author>Irina B. Tsvetkova</author><author>Pedro J. De Pablo</author><author>Bogdan Dragnea</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Virus adsorption at solid-water interfaces is an ubiquitous phenomenon in the lifecycle of waterborne viruses, both in natural environments and in engineered systems. Airborne aqueous microdroplets containing viruses readily attach to solid surfaces. Inside the droplet, viruses may adhere to the solid-liquid interface. Investigating virus adsorption at solid-water interfaces could lead to new ways to suppress virus infectivity. To further improve our understanding of virus adsorption, we studied the friction dynamics of icosahedral viruses adsorbed to solid surfaces. Using the lateral torsion of cantilevers in atomic force microscopy to move individual capsids in a liquid environment, we found that the virions tend to roll rather than slide on the surface. In contrast, rigid, ligand-stabilized gold nanoparticles are more likely to combine rolling with sliding under the same conditions. The experiments indicate that the force required to drag the viruses on the surface is four times less than that of AuNPs, while the lateral force work needed to induce virus movement was ∼104 kT, ten times less than that of the rigid gold nanoparticles. These results go beyond the paradigm that adhesion of nanoparticles is mainly governed by geometrical factors, such as size and area of contact, highlighting the need to amend modeling approaches to account for mechanically-compliant tribological response of biologically derived nanoparticles.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1569091</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1569091</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Interaction studies between calmodulin and gating brake peptides from T-type channels]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-05-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shivani Yaduvanshi</author><author>Veerendra Kumar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The voltage gated calcium channels (Cav1 and Cav2) and sodium channels are modulated by calmodulin (CaM) via IQ motifs. But Cav3 (aka T-type) channels lack IQ motif and therefore, they transiently interact with CaM via the gating brake (GB) regions of T-type channels. However, the structural basis of the interactions remains unclear. This study employs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the complete binding process of GB peptides (GB3.1 and GB3.2) with CaM at an atomic level, starting from a non-interacting state to a fully formed complex. We provide a detailed analysis of the binding trajectories, identifying how the GB peptides dynamically explore and engage their binding interfaces on CaM. Our results reveal that GB3.1 induces significant conformational rearrangement in CaM, bending its central helix by ∼90° and forming a compact structure. In contrast, GB3.2 binding does not induce such changes, and CaM remains in an extended conformation. Both peptides interact primarily with CaM’s N-lobe. The MM-PBSA analysis yielded negative binding energies indicating a spontaneous and favourable complex formation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1543172</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1543172</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Activation of transient receptor vanilloid 4 increases connexin hemichannel activity in porcine ciliary nonpigmented epithelium]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-04-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>J. F. Ek-Vitorin</author><author>M. Shahidullah</author><author>N. A. Delamere</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The ciliary nonpigmented epithelium (NPE) is responsible for the secretion of the aqueous humor into the eye. Indirect evidence from earlier studies raised the possibility that unpaired NPE connexins might form functional hemichannels. Here we used a patch clamp approach to confirm the presence of functional NPE hemichannels on the basis of electrical conductance. We also examined responses to TRPV4 activation because it has been suggested that TRPV4 activation can cause connexin hemichannels to open. Studies using whole-cell (WC) patch clamp showed that hemichannel-like conductance transitions appear spontaneously at a positive holding potential (+80 mV). Most of the transitions fell in the 180–240 pS range expected for fully open Cx43 hemichannels. Activation of TRPV4 channels with the agonist GSK1016790A (10 nM) increased the open probability of the presumptive hemichannels and shifted their conductance toward lower amplitudes. Cell-attached (CA) patch clamp recordings also showed events with low conductance values that signify partially open hemichannels. GSK1016790A exposure also induced depolarization, a response causally associated with hemichannel opening. In studies on coupled pairs of cells, gap junction channel full open conductance amplitudes corresponded to values reported for Cx43, and approximately half the conductance of the observed hemichannel-like events, consistent with the notion that Cx43 is responsible for the observed hemichannels. Taken together, the findings are consistent with NPE hemichannels, formed by Cx43, that open in response to TRPV4 activation. While it seems likely that Ca2+ entry plays a role in the hemichannel response to TRPV4 activation, the depolarization that occurs upon TRPV4 activation might also be important.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1560824</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2025.1560824</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Decoding TBCK: from bioinformatic insights of domain architecture to disease implications]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-04-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Emma M. Cagwin</author><author>Caitlin M. Padgett</author><author>Yvonne Lin</author><author>Wen Zhu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[TBCK is an essential protein in neurodevelopment. Mutations in the TBCK gene are associated with TBCK Syndrome, a genetic neurological disorder characterized by global developmental delay. TBCK is an enigmatic multidomain protein that contains a pseudokinase domain, a TBC (Tre2-Bub2-Cdc16) domain, and a rhodanese-like domain. Emerging evidence increasingly links TBCK to multiple cellular processes, including mTOR signaling, autophagy, lysosomal function, and mitochondrial maintenance. This review consolidates recent advances in our understanding of TBCK, emphasizing comparative sequence analysis, structural modeling, and its cellular functions. Our analysis shows that both the protein kinase domain and the rhodanese-like domain likely lack catalytic activity and instead primarily function as scaffolds or regulatory domains. The TBC domain contains all the conserved residues, suggesting it may act as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP). These functional hypotheses provide a foundation for further investigations into TBCK’s physiological and pathological roles.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2024.1479898</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2024.1479898</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Functional dynamics of human ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-11-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Sarita Puri</author><author>Shang-Te Danny Hsu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCHs) are crucial enzymes within the ubiquitin-proteasome system, characterized by a characteristic Gordian knotted topology. Another important structural feature of the UCH family is a hydrophobic β-sheet core containing a conserved catalytic triad of cysteine, histidine, and aspartate wrapped by several α-helices and a crossover loop. The catalytic triad cleaves the (iso) peptide bond at the C-terminus of ubiquitin via a nucleophilic attack. The highly dynamic crossover loop is involved in substrate binding and selectivity. UCHs play vital roles in various cellular processes, such as cell signaling, DNA repair, neuroprotection, and tumor suppression. Point mutations in catalytic and non-catalytic residues of UCHs are linked to various diseases, including cancers and neurodegeneration. Additionally, post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as oxidation, impact the deubiquitinase activity of UCHs and increase aggregation propensity. This review focuses on how disease-associated point mutations, PTMs, and interactions with different binding partners modulate the structural and functional dynamics of UCHs and how perturbations of these functional dynamics are characterized using a battery of biophysical techniques to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying UCH dysfunction and diseases.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2024.1406868</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2024.1406868</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Unlocking the brain’s zinc code: implications for cognitive function and disease]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-06-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Soheila Sabouri</author><author>Marzieh Rostamirad</author><author>Robert E. Dempski</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Zn2+ transport across neuronal membranes relies on two classes of transition metal transporters: the ZnT (SLC30) and ZIP (SLC39) families. These proteins function to decrease and increase cytosolic Zn2+ levels, respectively. Dysfunction of ZnT and ZIP transporters can alter intracellular Zn2+ levels resulting in deleterious effects. In neurons, imbalances in Zn2+ levels have been implicated as risk factors in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and neurodegeneration, highlighting the pivotal role of Zn2+ homeostasis in neuropathologies. In addition, Zn2+ modulates the function of plasma membrane proteins, including ion channels and receptors. Changes in Zn2+ levels, on both sides of the plasma membrane, profoundly impact signaling pathways governing cell development, differentiation, and survival. This review is focused on recent developments of neuronal Zn2+ homeostasis, including the impact of Zn2+ dyshomeostasis in neurological disorders, therapeutic approaches, and the increasingly recognized role of Zn2+ as a neurotransmitter in the brain.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2024.1342506</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2024.1342506</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Chaperone regulation of biomolecular condensates]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Jared A. M. Bard</author><author>D. Allan Drummond</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Biomolecular condensation allows for the dynamic organization of molecules in time and space. Condensate formation is regulated through many mechanisms including the action of molecular chaperones. While molecular chaperones have long been viewed through the lens of their roles in protein folding, misfolding, and quality control, their ability to manipulate protein-protein interactions is increasingly recognized to play a major role in the precise control of condensate biology. In this review we highlight recent studies investigating the roles of canonical and non-canonical chaperones in regulating condensate formation, material state, and dispersal. We discuss the broadening of longstanding conceptions of chaperone functions to include condensate regulation, and the discovery of previously unappreciated chaperone activities in well-known proteins. We close by considering the biological activities being uncovered during the ongoing upheaval at the boundary between chaperone biology and biomolecular condensation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2024.1367511</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2024.1367511</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Utilizing surface plasmon resonance as a novel method for monitoring in-vitro P-glycoprotein efflux]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-03-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Phuong H. Nguyen</author><author>Shuolin Cui</author><author>Amanda M. Kozarich</author><author>Alex Rautio</author><author>Arthur G. Roberts</author><author>May P. Xiong</author>
        <description><![CDATA[P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is known for its dichotomous roles as both a safeguarding efflux transporter against xenobiotics and as a catalyst for multidrug resistance. Given the susceptibility of numerous therapeutic compounds to Pgp-mediated resistance, compliance with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines mandates an in-depth in vitro transport assay during drug development. This study introduces an innovative transport assay that aligns with these regulatory imperatives but also addresses limitations in the currently established techniques. Using Pgp-reconstituted liposomes and employing surface plasmon resonance (SPR), this study developed a distinct method of measuring the relative transport rates of Pgp substrates in a controlled microenvironment. The Pgp substrates selected for this study—quinidine, methadone, and desipramine—resulted in transport ratios that corroborate with trends previously observed. To assess the kinetics of Pgp-mediated transport, the results were analyzed by fitting the data to both currently proposed Pgp substrate translocation models—the vacuum cleaner and flippase models. While the resulting kinetic analysis in this study lends support predominantly to the vacuum cleaner model, this study most notably developed a novel method of assessing Pgp-mediated transport rates and real-time kinetics using surface plasmon resonance.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2024.1359979</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2024.1359979</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Symmetry of a partially-ligated state maintained by dynamics in a negatively cooperative system]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-02-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Rebecca Strawn</author><author>Parvathi S. Murthy</author><author>Rüdiger H. Ettrich</author><author>István Pelczer</author><author>Jannette Carey</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Symmetry was a key concept underlying the MWC model for allostery advanced in 1965 by Monod, Wyman, and Changeux. The reciprocal interactions of symmetrically-arranged identical subunits were proposed to stabilize multimeric assemblies together with the free energy from bound ligands that progressively favor a monomer-like state. Structural symmetry of subunits was assumed to be maintained in the partially-ligated states, even if ligand placement itself is not symmetric. Partially-ligated states can be populated sufficiently for experimental study only in negatively cooperative systems, which were not considered in the MWC model. The work reported here uses 1H, 13C, 15N, and 19F NMR to evaluate the structural symmetry of the hexameric arginine repressor of E. coli, a negatively cooperative system, with a single bound L-arginine ligand. The analysis indicates that the singly-ligated hexamer maintains structural symmetry as probed by these four NMR nuclei. The results are consistent with earlier molecular dynamics simulations suggesting that the global dynamics of the singly-ligated assembly are harnessed to maintain structural symmetry. The results extend MWC symmetry concepts to this negatively cooperative system, and indicate a role for global dynamics in allostery.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2023.1334804</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2023.1334804</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Expression, purification and folding of native like mitochondrial carrier proteins in lipid membranes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-01-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Marzieh Tabefam</author><author>Matthew D. Smith</author><author>Masoud Jelokhani-Niaraki</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Mitochondrial Carrier Family proteins (MCFs) are located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and play essential roles in various cellular processes. Due to the relatively low abundance of many members of the family, in vitro structure and function determination of most MCFs require over-expression and purification of recombinant versions of these proteins. In this study, we report on a new method for overexpression of MCFs in Escherichia coli (E. coli) membranes, efficient purification of native-like proteins, and their reconstitution in mitochondrial inner membrane lipid mimics. cDNAs of Uncoupling Protein 4 (UCP4), Adenine Nucleotide Translocase (ANT) and Phosphate Translocase (PiT) were subcloned into the pET26b (+) expression vector such that fusion proteins with a short N-terminal pelB leader sequence and a six-histidine tag were produced to target the proteins toward the inner membrane of E. coli and facilitate affinity purification, respectively. Utilizing a modified autoinduction method, these proteins were overexpressed and extracted from the membrane of E. coli BL21 (DE3) and two modified strains, E. coli BL21 C43 (DE3) and E. coli BL21 Lobstr (DE3), in high yields. The proteins were then purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography as monomers. Purity, identity, and concentration of the eluted monomers were determined by semi-native SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and mass spectrometry, and a modified Lowry assay, respectively. Cleavage of the pelB leader sequence from proteins was verified by mass spectrometric analysis. The purified proteins, surrounded by a shell of bacterial membrane lipids, were then reconstituted from the mild non-denaturing octyl glucoside (OG) detergent into phospholipid liposomes. Monomeric UCP4 spontaneously self-associated to form stable tetramers in lipid membranes, which is consistent with our previous studies. However, PiT and ANT remained dominantly monomeric in both detergent and liposome milieus, as detected by a combination of spectroscopic and electrophoretic methods. Native-like helical conformations of proteins were then confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Overall, this study demonstrates that targeting mitochondrial carrier family proteins to E. coli membranes provides an effective expression system for producing this family of proteins for biophysical studies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2023.1338019</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbis.2023.1338019</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Archaea membranes in response to extreme acidic environments]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-01-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Parkson Lee-Gau Chong</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Bipolar tetraether lipids (BTL), such as glycerol dialkyl calditol tetraether (GDNT) and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT), are the dominating lipid species in thermoacidophiles that inhabit at pH ≤ 4 and temperatures ≥65°C. BTL containing archaea membranes respond to environmental pH changes by varying the number of cyclopentane rings in the isoprenoids, the amount of GDNT relative to GDGT, the ratio of tetraethers to diethers, and the level of glycosylation in polar headgroups. These structural and compositional adjustments can alter the hydrogen bond networks in the membrane polar headgroup regions and the packing tightness and rigidity in the membrane hydrophobic core. It is likely that these changes in non-covalent interactions among archaea lipids are made to retain low membrane volume fluctuations and their low sensitivity to temperature, as illustrated in the case of liposomes made of the polar lipid fraction E (PLFE) of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. As such, a low passive proton permeability and a near neutral intracellular pH can be maintained, and, as a result, optimal activities of soluble and membrane-bound proteins in thermoacidophiles can be retained in acidic growth conditions at elevated growth temperatures.]]></description>
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