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        <title>Frontiers in Built Environment | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Built Environment | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-07-28T20:53:51.354+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1890573</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1890573</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Durability assessment and machine learning-based prediction of coconut shell and silica fume concrete]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Kunchala Anjaneyulu</author><author>S. K. Sekar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The increased demand for sustainable building materials has promoted the use of industrial and agricultural by-products in concrete construction. The paper provides an experimental and machinelearning-based study on durability performance of M30-grade concrete. The partial replacement of conventional coarse aggregate was done with coconut shell (CS) and silica fume (SF) was used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Eight concrete mixtures were experimented upon: the control mix, silica-fume-modified concretes (5%–15% SF replacement) and combined CS-SF concretes (10%–40% coconut shell replacement). Durability properties were evaluated using Water absorption and Effective porosity testing (ASTM C642), Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (ASTM C1202), Sorptivity testing and Sulphate and Acid Attack resistance tests according to CEB-FIP guidelines for durability assessment. The silica fume had a significant effect on the permeability related durability, lowering the Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) value from 1120 C for the control mix to 548 C for the optimum CS-SF mix, which is about 51% less penetrable to chloride ions. The refinement of pore resulted in reduction of the sorptivity of silica-fume-modified mixes by approximately 4-5 percent. Coconut shell aggregates were porous and took more water, to a maximum of 6.7% at 40% replacement. Nonlinear correlations of mix parameters and durability performance were modelled using machine learning. Twelve models were used through grid search optimisation. A pipeline-based LOOCV strategy was employed to ensure limited data is assessed in an unbiased manner. R2, RMSE and MAE were used to evaluate model performance. The XGBoost model demonstrated predictive ability (R2 = 0.96). SHAP analysis showed permeability-related properties are determined by silica fume content, while absorption and acid resistance are controlled by coconut shell content. Based on a small dataset, the proposed experimental-AI structure displays a proof-of-concept of explainable durability prediction and performance-based mix design of sustainable concrete.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1743368</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1743368</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Stress testing eight water tank metrics under the different energy zones in South Africa to evaluate how future climatic variations may affect rainwater harvesting]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Emmanuel Kabundu</author><author>Sijekula Mbanga</author><author>Emma Ayesu-Koranteng</author><author>Noluthando Masiza</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionIn its 2023 report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported Q8 Q9 that global surface temperatures during 2011–2020 were, on average, 1.1 °C higher than during the 1850–1900 period, which led to losses and damages that included decreased physical water availability and reduced agricultural food production. These effects were manifested through droughts in South America and Southern Africa. The practice of affordable, energy-efficient water conservation is, therefore, highly necessary in South Africa amid these negative effects of climate change and increasing costs resulting from higher energy costs. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of changes in temperature and precipitation on the resilience of rainwater tank systems by analyzing their effects on the elasticities of tank metrics, such as system efficiency, optimum tank size, and lifecycle energy and emissions.MethodsThe research employed time series analysis and stress testing using the generalized simulated annealing technique. The research study area encompassed the whole of South Africa.ResultsThe results indicated that the lifecycle energy and emissions of the rainwater tank system in the eastern coastal areas were marginally affected by likely changes in annual precipitation and mean annual temperature, as evidenced by zero or near‐zero precipitation and temperature-related elasticities of lifecycle energy and emissions at high domestic rainwater treatment energy intensities (up to 1.6 kWh/ m3). However, when the treatment energy intensities were low (0–0.4 kWh/m3), although temperature-related effects were marginal in these areas, the precipitation‐related effects were greatest in these eastern coastal areas, with greater increases in precipitation leading to larger reductions in the lifecycle energy of tank systems (from –667.94 to –13,668.40 MJ/unit precipitation scale ratio).DiscussionGenerally, the eastern areas of South Africa had greater absolute values of tank metric elasticities than the western areas (especially the Northern Cape) which means they would experience greater impacts due to climate change. Energy Zone 6, followed by Zone 2, Zone 5, and Zone 5H, benefited the most from increases in annual precipitation and mean annual temperature (more impacted by climate change), while Zone 7, followed by Zone 4, Zone 3, and Zone 1, benefited the least (less impacted by climate change).]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1881793</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1881793</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Decoupling between heat loss indicators and heating demand in a high-mass dwelling: implications for interpreting building performance]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Gabriel Harvey</author><author>Szende Szentesi-Nejur</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study examines the relationship between design-phase energy predictions and measured operational heating performance in a core-insulated rammed earth dwelling located in a cold climate in southern Ontario, Canada. Design-stage performance was evaluated using the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP), a quasi-steady-state model estimating heating demand from envelope properties, ventilation losses, and standardized solar and internal gains. Operational performance was assessed through post-occupancy monitoring combining heating-season electrical measurements, blower-door testing, in-situ thermal transmittance measurements, indoor–outdoor environmental monitoring, regression-based analysis of heating demand, and a controlled free-running temperature decay test. Results indicate that the as-built envelope underperforms relative to design assumptions, with higher measured air leakage and thermal transmittance consistent with increased transmission and infiltration losses. Regression analysis shows that delivered heating demand is primarily governed by the indoor–outdoor temperature difference, while solar radiation and internal gains act as secondary moderating factors. However, the comparison between measured and modeled performance also indicates that apparent heat-loss metrics alone do not fully explain cumulative heating demand in this high-mass dwelling. Dynamic testing further shows a delayed indoor temperature response following heating shutdown, indicating short-term thermal buffering associated with the rammed earth mass. These results highlight a distinction between envelope performance, apparent heat-loss indicators, and cumulative heating demand. While thermal mass moderates short-term thermal response and contributes to the timing of heat flows, it does not compensate for envelope underperformance in cumulative heating terms. The study underscores the importance of complementing quasi-steady-state design tools with post-occupancy monitoring and dynamic assessment when interpreting performance in high-mass dwellings.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1841457</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1841457</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Calculation of effective constitutive stiffness matrices for a geocell layer and analysis of reinforcement mechanisms in geocell-reinforced embankments]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Changjun Yin</author><author>Ahmed Adam Khalifa Gowi</author><author>Yufan Luo</author><author>Mingzhe Zhai</author><author>Junjia Shi</author><author>Zhiyong Sun</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In this study, by incorporating the transverse shear stiffness matrix E derived from unit-cell analysis, the geocell layer in geocell-reinforced soil structures was, for the first time, integrated as an equivalent anisotropic thick plate into a full-scale macrostructural geotechnical model. Based on this framework, a comprehensive homogenized numerical simulation (HNS) was developed to evaluate the system’s mechanical behavior and reinforcement mechanisms. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows: (1) the constitutive stiffness matrices ABDE of the equivalent thick plate for the geocell layer were calculated using the plate-shell asymptotic homogenization method and a self-developed program; (2) the reliability and efficiency of using HNSs for analyzing the mechanical behavior of geocell-reinforced embankments were validated by comparing the numerical results with independent benchmarks; and (3) the mechanical mechanisms of the lateral resistance effect, vertical stress diffusion effect, and membrane effect were systematically analyzed. The results demonstrate that the proposed HNS framework successfully reproduced vertical settlement profiles, closely matching the experimental data within an acceptable engineering error. Furthermore, compared with direct numerical simulations, the HNS approach achieved an exceptional reduction in computational time, making large-scale parametric optimization practically efficient.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1836114</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1836114</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Modeling thermal behavior of buried subsea power cables: a review of deterministic, data-driven, and hybrid approaches]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Shahbaz Ahmad</author><author>Zarghaam Haider Rizvi</author><author>Frank Wuttke</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Subsea power cables operate within thermally sensitive seabed environments, where heat dissipation into surrounding marine sediments governs allowable current loading and long-term system reliability. As offshore energy transmission expands, understanding the interaction between cable heat generation, sediment thermal properties, and environmental forcing has become increasingly important for accurate thermal assessment and resilient infrastructure design. This paper presents a critical review of thermal–geotechnical interactions in subsea cable systems, synthesizing literature across electrical cable engineering, marine geotechnics, and environmental modeling. Modeling approaches are organized into a taxonomy comprising deterministic thermal models, coupled thermo-hydraulic formulations, data-driven forecasting techniques, and emerging hybrid physics–data frameworks. The review identifies key limitations in current practice, including insufficient representation of seabed heterogeneity, limited treatment of transient environmental forcing, uncertainty in sediment thermal properties, and challenges in integrating monitoring data into predictive models. Building on these observations, a conceptual hybrid modeling framework is proposed as a future research direction, in which physics-based thermal solvers are complemented by data-driven approaches to capture time-dependent boundary conditions and support adaptive assessment. The findings provide a structured foundation for advancing integrated modeling strategies and developing next-generation thermal assessment frameworks that better reflect the dynamic geotechnical conditions governing subsea cable performance.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1862913</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1862913</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Development and capabilities of the universal panel tester for large-scale testing and constitutive characterization]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Yousef Abu Amneh</author><author>Abdulrahman Salah</author><author>Dimitrios Kalliontzis</author><author>Tito Gomez</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The Universal Panel Tester (UPT) at the University of Houston is a large-scale facility designed to investigate structural element behavior under multi-axial stress states. Since its establishment in 1988, the UPT has supported pioneering research that advanced shear and torsion theories as well as constitutive models for reinforced concrete, prestressed members, FRP-strengthened systems, and, more recently, fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC). By applying shear, torsion, axial load, and bending individually or in combination, the UPT can replicate the complex stress states present in large-scale elements of shear walls, bridges, nuclear containment vessels, and offshore platforms. This review paper consolidates the configuration and current capabilities of the UPT and documents a 2025 upgrade to its control and data acquisition systems, which introduced high-precision displacement control, synchronized multi-actuator operation, and improved signal processing. A mock panel test demonstrated the upgraded system, tracking commanded UPT actuator loads with a median within-bank standard deviation of 1.07% from the commanded target. The paper also reviews how UPT experiments have shaped constitutive theories for reinforced concrete, underscoring their role in model validation. Building on this history, the upgraded UPT is being prepared to support digital-twin modeling workflows for emerging infrastructure systems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1852374</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1852374</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Experimental investigation on heat transfer analysis of open loop shallow geothermal combined thermally activated building structure in a semi-arid region]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Balaji Thiyagarajan</author><author>Balaji Kumar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The increase in temperature and population would result in an expansion of building areas, the use of traditional cooling, and energy usage, leading to carbon dioxide emissions in semi-arid regions. Shallow geothermal power is currently the most power-efficient and lowest greenhouse gas alternative for room cooling and heating. This study examines an open-loop shallow geothermal combined thermally activated building structure (GeoTABS) to determine how indoor surface heat flux varies under different cooling strategies tailored for tropical climates. System involves embedding pipes within the building framework to control surface temperatures, thereby enabling cooling in conditioned areas. This study presents a novel design of a GeoTABS system, analyzing the impact of Indian cooling climatic conditions on heat transfer and the indoor ambient features of the systems inside surfaces. Without ventilation, the ceiling was the main route for heat transfer into the room starting at 11:00 h, while the all-surface cooling functioned as cooling surfaces, inhibiting heat transfer into the space with a net average heat flux of 10.5 W/m2. Introducing natural ventilation led to non-uniform potential and heat distribution for localized heat spikes on the walls, especially during the peak hours. Initially, floor and wall temperature owing to convective cooling, then dropped as the combined effect of GeoTABS cooling took over, before increasing once more with the growing influence of thermal inertia and solar radiation absorption.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1839808</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1839808</link>
        <title><![CDATA[An efficient deep learning framework for text detection and recognition in engineering drawings]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Dakan Ying</author><author>Lyu Guanghua</author><author>Zhengxu He</author><author>Rija Hasan</author><author>Syed Hadi Hussain Shah</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The efficient digitization of engineering drawings is critical for automating construction workflows, including quantity takeoff, procurement, fabrication, inspection, BIM modeling, digital twin creation, and lifecycle information management. Manual extraction of steel reinforcement annotations is labor-intensive, error-prone, and impedes digital project delivery. To address this, we propose a deep learning-based text detection and recognition framework that accurately extracts rebar annotations from complex construction drawings. Our detection network uses an enhanced Differentiable Binarization Network (DBNet) with reduced computational complexity (3.8M parameters vs. 12.3M for standard DBNet detection pipeline), representing a 69% reduction in detection parameters. Combined with a Transformer-based recognition model (15.56M parameters), the system achieves high detection (94.2%) and recognition (96.3%) accuracy, even under challenging conditions such as noise, occlusion, and varied styles. By enabling automatic, accurate conversion of technical drawings into structured digital information, our method significantly advances construction automation. This contribution supports the broader goals of reducing manual processes, enhancing information reliability, and accelerating digital transformation in construction projects.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1859711</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1859711</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A hybrid CNN-TCN-CatBoost framework for accurate PM2.5 forecasting across heterogeneous urban environments]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Mohammed Faizan N</author><author>Sujatha V</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Accurate prediction of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is critical for safeguarding public health in urban regions, yet remains a challenging task owing to the complex, nonlinear, and multiscale nature of air pollution processes. PM2.5 concentrations arise from the interplay of diverse emission sources, atmospheric transformations, and meteorological variability, leading to intricate temporal behaviour that is difficult to model reliably. A notable limitation of existing approaches is their tendency to emphasise either short-term fluctuations or long-term temporal dependencies, with limited capability to represent both aspects in a unified manner. This often results in incomplete characterisation of pollution dynamics and reduced predictive robustness. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a hybrid forecasting framework that combines complementary modelling paradigms to capture both local and extended temporal structures. The proposed approach employs a Convolutional Neural Network to extract localised patterns and short-term interactions among air pollutants and meteorological variables. These representations are subsequently processed by a Temporal Convolutional Network, which is designed to learn longer-term temporal dependencies inherent in air quality evolution. Finally, a CatBoost regression model is utilised to account for residual nonlinear relationships that persist beyond deep feature extraction, thereby enhancing predictive accuracy. The framework is evaluated using observational data collected from multiple urban monitoring stations characterised by heterogeneous emission conditions. Empirical results indicate that the proposed model consistently surpasses standalone CNN, TCN, and CatBoost PM2.5, achieving lower prediction errors and strong explanatory performance across all sites. Further analysis using permutation-based feature importance reveals that the model captures physically interpretable pollutant interactions, particularly those associated with combustion-related emissions. These findings underscore the importance of integrating short-term and long-term temporal modelling for reliable air quality prediction and demonstrate the practical applicability of the proposed framework for operational monitoring and decision-making systems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1873684</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1873684</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Cultural semiotic legibility in temple-centered urban systems]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Porchelvi Selvaraj</author><author>Sharmila Jagadisan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionIn complex urban environments, wayfinding contributes to built environment performance through its influence on accessibility, movement efficiency, and user experience. Prevailing models, primarily based on spatial cognition and visual legibility, prioritize configurational clarity while insufficiently addressing culturally embedded navigation systems. Wayfinding is examined here as a culturally mediated urban process, focusing on how semiotic structures function as informal navigation infrastructures within temple-centred urban environments in India.MethodsA comparative case study is conducted in the Kapaleeshwarar Temple precinct in Mylapore (Chennai) and the Kamakshi Amman Temple precinct in Kanchipuram. The analysis combines semiotic analysis, cognitive mapping, sensory observation, and semi-structured interviews to examine interactions between spatial configuration and culturally embedded cues.ResultsSemiotic systems including architectural markers, ritual pathways, sensory cues, and oral guidance operate as layered urban information systems influencing perception, memory, and movement beyond reliance on formal signage and purely geometric organization across both study cases. Two distinct yet complementary navigation patterns are identified through the comparison: an experiential, socially mediated system in Mylapore and a spatially structured, ritual oriented system in Kanchipuram.DiscussionA Cultural Semiotic Legibility Model is developed that links urban morphology, semiotic encoding, and cultural practices. The model conceptualizes wayfinding as a system-level interaction within culturally dense environments and provides implications for improving legibility, inclusivity, and user experience in culturally responsive urban design.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1905914</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1905914</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Digital transformation in construction: integrating metaverse, digital twin, and BIM]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Izuru Takewaki</author><author>Zheng Lu</author><author>Salman Azhar</author><author>Vagelis Plevris</author><author>Zhen Chen</author><author>Sakdirat Kaewunruen</author><author>Umberto Berardi</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1840989</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1840989</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Universal design compliance in selected cultural centres in South-west and South-South Nigeria]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Egidario Bridgette Aduwo</author><author>Victor Omime Olu-Oseh</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Cultural centres are important public institutions that support cultural preservation, education, recreation, and civic participation; however, their compliance with Universal Design (UD) principles in Nigeria remains underexplored. This study evaluated the level of UD compliance in three state-owned cultural centres in South-West and South-South Nigeria—the John Randle Centre for Yoruba History and Culture (Lagos State), the Ibadan Cultural Centre (Oyo State), and the Oba Akenzua Cultural Centre (Edo State)—with reference to the Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities (Prohibition) Act, 2018. A qualitative case study approach was adopted, and data were collected through structured on-site observations conducted between December 2024 and February 2025. A nine-component evaluation framework derived from the Act and established UD literature was applied, with each component assessed using a three-tier implementation scale and a Universal Design Compliance Index (UDCI) calculated for comparative analysis. The findings revealed notable disparities in compliance, with the John Randle Centre achieving the highest UDCI score of 83.3%, followed by the Ibadan Cultural Centre (50.0%) and the Oba Akenzua Cultural Centre (38.9%). Car parking, wayfinding and signage, and tactile surfaces were the most consistently neglected accessibility components. The study identifies a significant gap between statutory accessibility requirements and existing cultural infrastructure, highlighting the need for stronger enforcement mechanisms, improved professional training, and clearer technical standards to promote more inclusive public environments in Nigeria.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1865431</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1865431</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effect of replacing mixing water with milk on the compressive strength of concrete at different curing ages]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Carlos Damian Pinto</author><author>Leonardo Zambrano</author><author>Jose Apraez</author><author>Juan Gómez</author><author>Marco Zurita</author><author>Jorge Buele</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe chemical composition of mixing water directly affects cement hydration and the strength development of concrete. Although alternative mixing liquids—such as treated wastewater, leachates, and wash water—have shown moderate strength reductions compatible with structural use, the behavior of concrete exposed to complex organic liquids remains largely uncharacterized.MethodsThis study investigates how replacing mixing water with whole bovine milk, a medium rich in lactose, casein, and fat, affects cement hydration and compressive strength in conventional Portland concrete. Three mixtures with increasing replacement levels were produced: 0% (M0, control), 50% (M50), and 100% (M100). Twenty-seven cylindrical specimens (3 mixtures × 3 ages × 3 replicates) were tested under axial compression following ASTM C39/C39M at 15, 28, and 45 days. Peak strength, stress–strain curves, within-condition dispersion, and failure modes were recorded.ResultsThe control developed strengths of 14.39 ± 0.64, 16.47 ± 0.73, and 20.91 ± 0.81 MPa at 15, 28, and 45 days, whereas M50 and M100 remained below 1 MPa at all ages (M50: 0.61 ± 0.03, 0.67 ± 0.03, 0.90 ± 0.06 MPa; M100: 0.38 ± 0.02, 0.55 ± 0.02, 0.60 ± 0.03 MPa), a strength loss greater than 95% relative to the control. Coefficients of variation ranged from 3.9% to 6.1%, below the 10% threshold of ACI 214R. The modified mixtures also lost the ascending branch of the stress–strain curves and exhibited diffuse failure modes, without the longitudinal cracking typical of sound concrete.ConclusionThe magnitude of the strength loss (>95%) places milk in a category distinct from previously reported alternative mixing liquids. Rather than producing a degraded variant of conventional concrete, it generates a system in which the cementitious reaction is practically inhibited. This behavior, attributable to the combined action of lactose, casein, and fats on C3S hydration, redefines the operational limits of chemical compatibility between organic fluids and cementitious systems and provides a reference calibration point for predictive models of organic inhibition.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1883210</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1883210</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Seismic response and force transfer mechanism of flexible conductors in multi-span substation systems considering bending stiffness and slackness]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sun Qilin</author><author>Xu Zhisong</author><author>Yuan Guanglin</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The outgoing line system in substations is highly susceptible to seismic damage due to the complex dynamic interactions between flexible conductors and interconnected equipment. However, most existing studies model conductors as tension-only elements, neglecting their bending stiffness and geometric slackness, which may lead to inaccurate predictions of seismic response. This study presents an integrated experimental, numerical, and theoretical investigation of the dynamic behavior of flexible conductors and their influence on a typical three-phase multi-span outgoing line system in a 220 kV substation. Quasi-static tests demonstrate that flexible conductors exhibit linear-elastic bending behavior, with stiffness ranging from 1 to 1.7 kNm2 under typical service axial forces. A refined finite element model incorporating conductor bending stiffness is developed, revealing that circuit breakers are the most vulnerable components, with bending moments 1.8 and 4.7 times those of current transformers and disconnectors, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of conductor slackness is systematically evaluated, showing that increasing slackness significantly reduces axial forces and bending moments. A slackness of 10% decreases bending moments on circuit breakers by 8%–13%. Theoretical analysis further explains the slackness-dependent force reduction mechanism. The results demonstrate that incorporating bending stiffness and optimizing slackness are critical for accurately predicting and mitigating seismic responses. A 10% slackness is recommended to improve the seismic resilience of substation outgoing line systems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1878178</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1878178</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Behavioral classification of drivers in car-following situations: safe, defensive, risky, aggressive]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zahid Hussain</author><author>Charitha Dias</author><author>Wael Alhajyaseen</author><author>Qinaat Hussain</author><author>Shimaa Al-Quradaghi</author><author>Diaz Azzahra</author>
        <description><![CDATA[A driver’s perception of safety plays a crucial role in shaping driving behavior during critical situations. In car-following scenarios involving critical events, however, this perception may not always align with actual crash risk, thereby increasing the crash risk. This study examined how sociodemographic factors and driving conditions including leading vehicle type, and speed limits influence the behavioral classification of drivers based on safety perception alignment in car-following scenarios. Data from 61 participants were collected in a driving simulator across eight scenarios. Subjective safety perceptions were compared with objective safety metrics to classify drivers into four behavioral categories: Safe, Defensive, Risky, and Aggressive. Mixed Effect Multinomial logistic regression revealed that drivers with less experience (2–5 years) were more likely to be in the risky category than more experienced drivers. Being in the risky category was also more prevalent at lower speeds and when following motorbike compared to truck. Arab drivers showed a higher likelihood of being in the Aggressive category, while drivers following sedan or SUV were less likely to be classified as aggressive compared to those following a truck. Furthermore, leading vehicle type was found to influence the likelihood of being in the defensive category. These findings provide insights that may support the development of targeted driver training programs and traffic safety interventions tailored to specific driver profiles and driving conditions, ultimately contributing to improved road safety.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1860914</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1860914</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Beyond linear models: machine learning insights into the determinants of slum prevalence]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Kingsley Ofori</author><author>Simon Ofori Ametepey</author><author>Clinton Aigbavboa</author><author>Rexford Henaku Aboagye</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionRapid urbanization in developing countries has intensified the growth of informal settlements, raising critical concerns for housing affordability and sustainable urban planning. Despite extensive research, the drivers of urban slum incidence remain complex and potentially nonlinear, requiring more advanced analytical approaches.MethodsThis study examines the nonlinear determinants of urban slum incidence using a cross-country dataset of 436 country-year observations derived from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. A Random Forest regression model is employed to capture complex relationships between slum prevalence and a broad set of economic, demographic, infrastructure, education, and health variables. A multiple linear regression model is also estimated as a benchmark for comparison.ResultsThe findings reveal that infrastructural factors, particularly access to sanitation, drinking water, and electricity, are the most significant predictors of slum incidence. Demographic pressures, including population growth and density, further exacerbate slum conditions by increasing housing demand and straining urban systems. In contrast, economic indicators such as GDP per capita and economic growth exhibit weaker and less consistent effects. The Random Forest model outperforms the linear regression model (R2 = 0.822 vs. 0.661), indicating superior predictive performance.DiscussionThe results shed light on the critical role of basic service provision and housing quality in reducing slum prevalence, suggesting that economic growth alone is insufficient without corresponding infrastructural development. Furthermore, the superior performance of the Random Forest model highlights the importance of nonlinear analytical approaches in capturing the complexity of urban dynamics and informing more targeted and effective policy interventions.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1832972</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1832972</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Radiation-focused UTCI analysis of urban morphology in Riyadh’s hyper-arid residential fabric]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Grace Al-Khawand</author><author>Jean Victor Kwizera</author><author>Philipp Robeck</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionOutdoor thermal comfort in hyper-arid cities is strongly influenced by urban morphology through solar exposure, shading, and mean radiant temperature (MRT). However, neighbourhood-scale parametric analyses of geometry-driven Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) in Riyadh's residential fabric remain limited.MethodsThis study quantifies the isolated effects of building height and streetgrid orientation on simulated UTCI in a representative Riyadh residential neighbourhood using a simplified radiation-focused workflow. The workflow combines OpenStreetMap building footprints, Riyadh's EnergyPlus Weather (EPW) file, and Ladybug Tools in Grasshopper–Rhino. Air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were applied as spatially uniform EPW derived inputs; therefore, UTCI differences are interpreted as geometry-driven changes in MRT and shading rather than complete microclimatic differences. Two parametric experiments were applied to the baseline neighbourhood: doubling average building height from 19 m to 38 m and rotating the street grid through 36 orientations in 10° increments.ResultsResults for the selected hot TMY day, 26 July, and cold TMY day, 11 January, show that doubling building height reduced UTCI by up to approximately 1.2 °C in narrow 8–10 m streets, with an area-averaged summer reduction of 0.25 °C. The cold-day reduction was statistically significant but should be interpreted cautiously because of the small effective sample size, while the hot-day reduction was directionally consistent but not statistically significant. Rotating the street grid to a 193° south-west alignment reduced daily mean summer UTCI by approximately 0.5 °C relative to the current 243° alignment, although strong heat stress persisted across all orientations.DiscussionBatha and King Abdullah Financial District (KAFD) are used only as contextual benchmarks for situating the magnitude of geometry-driven radiative effects within Riyadh's broader urban forms. The findings show that a lean, data-light workflow can isolate radiation-shading effects and support early-stage design screening, but height and orientation adjustments alone are insufficient to alleviate strong summer heat stress. Stronger planning conclusions require future work incorporating spatially differentiated meteorological fields, materials, vegetation, seasonal simulations, and field validation.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1835647</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1835647</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A hybrid TEO–PSO framework for improving the performance of base-isolated structures under continuous seismic hazard]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Mohammad Hasan Haddad</author><author>Mohammadreza Mashayekhi</author><author>Ali Majdi</author><author>Ataallah Sadeghi-Movahhed</author><author>Majid Movahedi Rad</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In this study, a novel hybrid metaheuristic method combining thermal exchange optimization and particle swarm optimization has been introduced. The suggested method has been applied to a base isolation optimization problem. The optimization of base-isolated systems is to find the optimum design of lead–rubber which minimizes the acceleration of the roof. Unlike previous studies, which aimed to reduce the structural acceleration response at a specific hazard level (e.g., under earthquakes with return periods of 475 years and 2,475 years), this study considers a continuous hazard level. The endurance time method is employed to represent this continuous hazard level. In this method, the structure is subjected to a series of progressively intensifying acceleration functions and the structural response at each time instant is interpreted as the response corresponding to a specific intensity level. The cost function of the optimization problem is to find the minimum area under the curve of roof acceleration versus time generated by the endurance time function. The constraints come from both structural factors, like inter-story drift, and geometric limitations. The proposed method, comprising the optimization algorithm and objective function, was applied to two four-, and eight-story structures. The optimization results show that compared with the non-isolated case, the base isolation system reduces roof acceleration by 66% and 38% (for the four- and eight-story frames, respectively), whereas inter-story drift displacement is reduced by approximately 38% and 33% (compared with the fixed-base and manually designed cases), demonstrating effective seismic shock absorption across a continuous hazard range.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1870384</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1870384</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The role of digital technologies in engineering procurement: a systematic literature review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Imoleayo A. Awodele</author><author>Molusiwa S. Ramabodu</author><author>Nathaniel Ayinde Olatunde</author><author>Emmanuel C. Eze</author><author>Iruka C. Anugwo</author><author>Yesica P. Espinosa</author><author>Temitope O. Kehinde</author><author>Bamidele T. Arijeloye</author><author>Alice T. Ogunlolu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The increasing complexity of engineering procurement and the growing demand for efficiency, transparency, and resilience in supply chains have intensified the need for digital transformation in procurement systems. Despite the rapid advancement of Industry 4.0 technologies, existing studies on digital procurement remain fragmented, often focusing on individual technologies or general supply chain contexts rather than engineering procurement environments. This study examines the role of digital technologies in engineering procurement and provides an integrated understanding of their impact, associated challenges, and transformation pathways. A systematic literature review (SLR) approach was adopted, guided by PRISMA principles, using peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2024 from major academic databases. A thematic and cross-study synthesis was employed to analyse the conceptual evolution of digital procurement, the role of key technologies, and barriers to adoption. The findings reveal that technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), Building Information Modelling (BIM), robotic process automation (RPA), and e-procurement systems are transforming procurement from a transactional function into a strategic, data-driven capability. These technologies enhance procurement performance by improving operational efficiency, cost optimization, transparency, and supply chain resilience. However, their adoption is constrained by key challenges, including system integration complexities, organizational resistance, skills gaps, and regulatory uncertainties. The study further demonstrates that the effectiveness of digital procurement depends on the integration and complementarity of technologies within interconnected ecosystems, supported by organizational readiness and technological capabilities. This study contributes to Procurement 4.0 literature by providing an integrated synthesis, developing a conceptual framework, and proposing a digital procurement maturity perspective to guide transformation in engineering procurement.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1873222</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1873222</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A morphology-based framework for the quantitative evaluation of heritage: an application in Muharraq, Bahrain]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ayesha Agha Shah</author><author>Adiba Shafique</author><author>Nazish Abid</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionUrban transformations in heritage sites are increasingly shaped by development pressures, particularly where conservation area designation is absent from policy frameworks. In Bahrain, existing heritage practices remain largely qualitative and focused on individual monuments, with limited integration at the urban scale.MethodsThis study proposes a structured and scalable morphology-based framework for quantitative heritage evaluation and applies it to the historic urban context of Al-Furjan, Muharraq, Bahrain. The research uses morphology-based documentation, site surveys, and a structured inventory database to evaluate buildings across traditional, transitional, and modern heritage categories.ResultsThe framework introduces a quantitative scoring system and A–D heritage grading categories to assess heritage significance at the urban scale. Its application demonstrates how different heritage values can be systematically documented, compared, and graded within a rapidly transforming urban environment.DiscussionThe proposed framework offers a practical tool for urban heritage planning, conservation prioritization, and decision-making. It contributes to bridging the gap between heritage theory and practice by supporting a more systematic, transparent, and scalable approach to heritage evaluation in Bahrain and comparable historic urban contexts.]]></description>
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