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        <title>Frontiers in Built Environment | Construction Materials section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/sections/construction-materials</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Construction Materials section in the Frontiers in Built Environment journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-08-13T03:16:53.326+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1841529</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1841529</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Research progress of cementless binders in controlled low-strength material: a review on mix proportion design, performance and application]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Alfred Attoh</author><author>Linhao Wang</author><author>Yin Cheng</author><author>Xiaoqiang Dong</author><author>Qin Yan</author><author>Xiangyu Li</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) with cementless binder has emerged as a sustainable alternative to traditional cement-based CLSM, offering environmental, economic, and performance advantages. This review explores the various aspects of cementless CLSM such as reaction mechanisms, mix design methodologies, properties, practical applications, and cost and environmental impacts. Key factors influencing the performance of cementless CLSM, including binder composition, activator type and dosage, and water-to-binder ratio, are critically analyzed. The review also identifies challenges and limitations associated with cementless CLSM, such as material variability, slow early-age reaction kinetics, and the absence of standardized mix designs. Potential applications are highlighted across utility trench backfill, void filling, pavement subbase, erosion control, and thermal insulation. The findings demonstrate that cementless CLSM is a viable construction material capable of meeting performance requirements while significantly reducing carbon footprint and promoting industrial by-product utilization. Finally, the review identifies critical research gaps and proposes prioritized future directions, including durability characterization, field validation, and standardization efforts, to enhance the feasibility and adoption of cementless CLSM in the construction industry. This comprehensive review serves as a resource for researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders committed to sustainable construction, enabling informed decision-making in the development and application of cementless CLSM.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1863010</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1863010</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Fiber–matrix interaction governs compressive strength in agave-bagasse-reinforced adobe: a factorial experiment with two-way ANOVA and competing mechanism analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Marcela De-Obaldia-Escalante</author><author>Carolina Del-Valle-Soto</author><author>H. R. Acevedo-Parra</author><author>Orlando Montoya-Márquez</author><author>José Varela-Aldás</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Natural-fiber reinforcement is widely cited as a pathway to improve the mechanical performance of adobe, but reported effects on compressive strength are inconsistent across studies: some find improvement, others find degradation, and the choice of experimental conditions rarely disentangles the role of the fiber from that of the matrix. This study quantifies the coupling through a balanced factorial experiment. Forty-nine adobe specimens of 20×10×10 cm were manufactured with three granular compositions (sand-dominated, jal-dominated, and balanced, where jal is a regional non-plastic silt of Jalisco, Mexico) and four mass fractions of agave-bagasse fiber (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%), and were tested under Mexican standard NMX-C-036-ONNCCE by an accredited external laboratory. Three complementary analytical tools are applied to the resulting dataset: (i) a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), (ii) a reinforcement efficiency index η with bootstrap confidence intervals, and (iii) a competing mechanism phenomenological descriptor fc(ϕ)=fc0+Bϕ e−ϕ/ϕc−Dϕ that separates a saturating reinforcement term from a linear disruption term. The two-way ANOVA reveals a highly significant mixture–fiber interaction (F6,37=4.88, p=9.1×10−4, and partial ηp2=0.44), which is stronger than either main effect and statistically demonstrates that the sign of the fiber effect is not an intrinsic property of the fiber but rather a property of the fiber–matrix pair. For sand-containing mixtures, the reinforcement efficiency index is η=1.15 [M1, 95% bootstrap CI (0.96, 1.32)] and η=1.22 [M3, (0.92, 1.59)] at the optimum ϕ*=0.5%; a non-parametric bootstrap over 5,000 resamples places the optimum at ϕ*=0.5% with posterior probability 77% (M1) and 54% (M3). For the jal-dominated mixture, fiber inclusion is net destructive [η=0.81, (0.68, 0.95) at ϕ*=1%], with Welch t-tests rejecting equivalence with the control at p=3.6×10−3 (0.5%) and p=2.4×10−3 (2%) and Cohen’s effect sizes |d|>3. The best-performing conditions yield mean compressive strengths of 3.22 MPa, which exceeds the 2.0 MPa minimum required by NMX-C-441-ONNCCE-2011 for non-structural masonry by 60%. An immersion test shows that unstabilized specimens disintegrate within 2–3 min, bounding applications to non-exposed or externally protected uses and defining the primary direction for future work.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1903429</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1903429</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Bio-based fiber–reinforced cementitious composites: durability mechanisms, fungal susceptibility and research gaps]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Farjallah Alassaad</author><author>Mohamad Al Hallak</author><author>Mohamad Ali-Ahmad</author><author>Hassan Flity</author><author>Hicham Alhajj Chehade</author><author>Mohamad Oueidat</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This review synthesizes recent research on the durability of bio-based fibers in cementitious composites with secondary emphasis on fungal colonization risks. It considers the most widely studied natural fibers (e.g., bast, seed, and animal-derived fibers such as flax, hemp, jute, coir, and wool) and highlights how fiber chemistry and microstructure affect moisture uptake, bonding, and aging behavior. Key degradation mechanisms are identified: alkali-induced hydrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; mineralization of fiber cell walls by calcium hydroxide; swelling–shrinkage of fibers during moisture transport; weakening of the fiber–matrix interface (increased porosity, decalcification, adhesion loss); and damage from cyclic wetting–drying and freeze–thaw events. The roles of fiber pretreatments (e.g., alkali extraction, polymer coatings) and supplementary cementitious additives (e.g., metakaolin, silica fume) in mitigating these effects are also discussed. Fungal contamination is addressed by presenting environmental drivers (prolonged moisture, temperature, organic nutrients) and material factors (organic fiber content, porosity, pH) that favor mold growth, along with biodeterioration pathways (enzymatic hydrolysis, organic acid production, biofilm formation) and current testing gaps. Major knowledge gaps and future needs are identified: the lack of standardized accelerated aging and mold-challenge protocols for biofiber–cement systems, limited long-term field performance data, absence of predictive degradation models incorporating biological factors, and the need for systematic evaluation of treated fibers’ durability. The discussion clarifies how chemical, physical, and biological processes collectively affect biofiber–cement composites and outlines priorities for future research.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1890573</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1890573</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Durability assessment and machine learning-based prediction of coconut shell and silica fume concrete]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Kunchala Anjaneyulu</author><author>S. K. Sekar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The increased demand for sustainable building materials has promoted the use of industrial and agricultural by-products in concrete construction. The paper provides an experimental and machinelearning-based study on durability performance of M30-grade concrete. The partial replacement of conventional coarse aggregate was done with coconut shell (CS) and silica fume (SF) was used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Eight concrete mixtures were experimented upon: the control mix, silica-fume-modified concretes (5%–15% SF replacement) and combined CS-SF concretes (10%–40% coconut shell replacement). Durability properties were evaluated using Water absorption and Effective porosity testing (ASTM C642), Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (ASTM C1202), Sorptivity testing and Sulphate and Acid Attack resistance tests according to CEB-FIP guidelines for durability assessment. The silica fume had a significant effect on the permeability related durability, lowering the Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) value from 1120 C for the control mix to 548 C for the optimum CS-SF mix, which is about 51% less penetrable to chloride ions. The refinement of pore resulted in reduction of the sorptivity of silica-fume-modified mixes by approximately 4-5 percent. Coconut shell aggregates were porous and took more water, to a maximum of 6.7% at 40% replacement. Nonlinear correlations of mix parameters and durability performance were modelled using machine learning. Twelve models were used through grid search optimisation. A pipeline-based LOOCV strategy was employed to ensure limited data is assessed in an unbiased manner. R2, RMSE and MAE were used to evaluate model performance. The XGBoost model demonstrated predictive ability (R2 = 0.96). SHAP analysis showed permeability-related properties are determined by silica fume content, while absorption and acid resistance are controlled by coconut shell content. Based on a small dataset, the proposed experimental-AI structure displays a proof-of-concept of explainable durability prediction and performance-based mix design of sustainable concrete.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1862913</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1862913</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Development and capabilities of the universal panel tester for large-scale testing and constitutive characterization]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Yousef Abu Amneh</author><author>Abdulrahman Salah</author><author>Dimitrios Kalliontzis</author><author>Tito Gomez</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The Universal Panel Tester (UPT) at the University of Houston is a large-scale facility designed to investigate structural element behavior under multi-axial stress states. Since its establishment in 1988, the UPT has supported pioneering research that advanced shear and torsion theories as well as constitutive models for reinforced concrete, prestressed members, FRP-strengthened systems, and, more recently, fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC). By applying shear, torsion, axial load, and bending individually or in combination, the UPT can replicate the complex stress states present in large-scale elements of shear walls, bridges, nuclear containment vessels, and offshore platforms. This review paper consolidates the configuration and current capabilities of the UPT and documents a 2025 upgrade to its control and data acquisition systems, which introduced high-precision displacement control, synchronized multi-actuator operation, and improved signal processing. A mock panel test demonstrated the upgraded system, tracking commanded UPT actuator loads with a median within-bank standard deviation of 1.07% from the commanded target. The paper also reviews how UPT experiments have shaped constitutive theories for reinforced concrete, underscoring their role in model validation. Building on this history, the upgraded UPT is being prepared to support digital-twin modeling workflows for emerging infrastructure systems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1865431</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1865431</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effect of replacing mixing water with milk on the compressive strength of concrete at different curing ages]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Carlos Damian Pinto</author><author>Leonardo Zambrano</author><author>Jose Apraez</author><author>Juan Gómez</author><author>Marco Zurita</author><author>Jorge Buele</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe chemical composition of mixing water directly affects cement hydration and the strength development of concrete. Although alternative mixing liquids—such as treated wastewater, leachates, and wash water—have shown moderate strength reductions compatible with structural use, the behavior of concrete exposed to complex organic liquids remains largely uncharacterized.MethodsThis study investigates how replacing mixing water with whole bovine milk, a medium rich in lactose, casein, and fat, affects cement hydration and compressive strength in conventional Portland concrete. Three mixtures with increasing replacement levels were produced: 0% (M0, control), 50% (M50), and 100% (M100). Twenty-seven cylindrical specimens (3 mixtures × 3 ages × 3 replicates) were tested under axial compression following ASTM C39/C39M at 15, 28, and 45 days. Peak strength, stress–strain curves, within-condition dispersion, and failure modes were recorded.ResultsThe control developed strengths of 14.39 ± 0.64, 16.47 ± 0.73, and 20.91 ± 0.81 MPa at 15, 28, and 45 days, whereas M50 and M100 remained below 1 MPa at all ages (M50: 0.61 ± 0.03, 0.67 ± 0.03, 0.90 ± 0.06 MPa; M100: 0.38 ± 0.02, 0.55 ± 0.02, 0.60 ± 0.03 MPa), a strength loss greater than 95% relative to the control. Coefficients of variation ranged from 3.9% to 6.1%, below the 10% threshold of ACI 214R. The modified mixtures also lost the ascending branch of the stress–strain curves and exhibited diffuse failure modes, without the longitudinal cracking typical of sound concrete.ConclusionThe magnitude of the strength loss (>95%) places milk in a category distinct from previously reported alternative mixing liquids. Rather than producing a degraded variant of conventional concrete, it generates a system in which the cementitious reaction is practically inhibited. This behavior, attributable to the combined action of lactose, casein, and fats on C3S hydration, redefines the operational limits of chemical compatibility between organic fluids and cementitious systems and provides a reference calibration point for predictive models of organic inhibition.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1877110</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1877110</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Statistical optimization and sustainability performance of hybrid limestone calcined clay cement (HLC3) concrete using Taguchi–ANOVA approach]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>K. Gowri</author><author>A. Abdul Rahim</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the development of an eco-friendly hybrid limestone calcined clay cement (HLC3) concrete using locally available indigenous calcined clay, limestone powder, and the industrial by-product ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) as a quaternary binder system. A Taguchi L9 (34) orthogonal array was employed to optimize the mix proportions by considering binder composition, superplasticizer dosage, water-to-binder ratio, and coarse-to-fine aggregate ratio. To strengthen the statistical reliability of the optimization, ANOVA and regression-based predictive modeling were incorporated for the 90-day compressive strength. The ANOVA results confirmed that binder proportion (45.65%) and water-to-binder ratio (24.01%) were the most influential parameters governing strength development. The optimized mix (OM), comprising 48% OPC, 24% calcined clay, 3% limestone powder, and 25% GGBFS, with 1.2% superplasticizer, a 0.36 w/b ratio, and a 1.4 C/F ratio, demonstrated superior performance compared with the control concrete (CC). At 90 days, the OM achieved a compressive strength of 47.5 MPa, representing a 7.95% improvement, along with an 11.4% increase in tensile strength. The OM also exhibited reduced water absorption and shrinkage, indicating improved durability performance. Under aggressive exposure conditions, the OM showed enhanced resistance to sulfuric acid and sulfate attack due to the formation of dense C-A-S-H gel and wollastonite phases, as confirmed by XRD and FTIR analyses. A Sustainability Efficiency Index (SEI) was newly proposed to quantify the strength generated per unit carbon emission. The OM exhibited a 56.2% higher SEI, while reducing CO2 emissions by 30.97% and embodied energy by 24.36% compared with CC, with comparable cost. The combined experimental, statistical, microstructural, and sustainability analyses confirm that the proposed HLC3 system is a promising low-carbon binder strategy for durable structural concrete applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1863309</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1863309</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Model test study on high-clay-content bauxite slime under the synergistic action of drainage body layout and cement modification]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhiqiang Wu</author><author>Chunyang Yin</author><author>Jiqun Dai</author><author>Kai Xu</author><author>Yinkun Li</author>
        <description><![CDATA[High-clay-content bauxite slime possesses extremely low permeability and high plasticity, which severely limits its large-scale geotechnical reuse. To improve its drainage consolidation efficiency, this study conducted staged vacuum loading model tests to investigate the effects of drainage body layout (vertical vs. horizontal) and cement modification (0% vs. 2%) on the dewatering and strength development of the slime. The results show that the horizontal drainage layout consistently outperforms the vertical layout under both non-cemented and cemented conditions. Under the non-cemented condition, the horizontal layout increases final settlement by 14.9%, total drainage volume by 8.1%, and shortens treatment duration by 17.7%, compared with the vertical layout. Under the cemented condition, the horizontal layout increases final settlement by 16.5%, total drainage volume by 6.2%, and shortens treatment duration by 21.4%, compared with the vertical layout. Cement addition further improves the absolute drainage performance: for the vertical layout, it boosts total drainage volume by 29.8% and reduces consolidation time by 12.5%; for the horizontal layout, it boosts total drainage volume by 27.6% and reduces consolidation time by 16.5%. This improvement is mainly attributed to the formation of a skeletal structure by cement hydration products, which enhances permeability and vacuum transmission. Moreover, compared with the vertical layout, the horizontal layout produces a more uniform distribution of density, water content, and penetration strength along the drainage distance and depth, which is particularly beneficial for large-area treatment. Microstructural analyses (mercury intrusion porosimetry and SEM) reveal that cement hydration products preferentially fill micropores, while the horizontal drainage path promotes a multimodal pore size distribution with larger inter-platelet pores. The combination of horizontal drainage and cement modification exhibits a complementary enhancement effect, jointly optimizing the consolidation of high-clay, high-moisture bauxite slime. This work provides a practical approach for efficient volume reduction and resource utilization of industrial clay-rich waste slurries.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1827874</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1827874</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Influence of sand gradation and binder-to-sand ratio on the development of 3D printable cementitious mix with partial replacement of cement by waste marble powder]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>P. Janani</author><author>G. Mohan Ganesh</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study presents the particle size influence of sand and binder to sand ratio for better extrusion in three-dimensional (3D) printing concrete mix. It also addresses the shape stability tests associated with subsequent layer weight holding capacity for 3D printing. Concrete mixes with aggregate size passing through 2.36-mm and 1.18-mm sieves were evaluated with different binder-to-sand ratios of 1:2, 1:1.6, and 1:1.2. The flow table and extrusion test were investigated to determine the most effective printing material mix. Results show that the 1:1.2 ratio exhibited better extrusion compared with 1:2 and 1:1.6. The flow table value is around 165 mm. Subsequently, the compressive strength test of waste marble powder replacement to cement from 5% to 20% was evaluated with the finalized ratio of 3D printable material mix. The optimized mix proportion and replacement was subjected to printer-based assessment for extrusion test and buildability.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1854031</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1854031</link>
        <title><![CDATA[3D concrete printing, material characterization, capacity prediction, and strength testing of a sub-scale concrete dome structure]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Keunhyoung Park</author><author>Ali M. Memari</author><author>Maryam Hojati</author><author>José P. Duarte</author><author>Shadi Nazarian</author><author>Aleksandra Radlińska</author><author>Sven G. Bilén</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the results of printing, structural modeling and analysis, and testing a sub-scale geopolymer concrete dome structure as a preliminary step toward constructing a full-scale building. A broader objective of the study was to explore the potential of the printing method as an autonomous construction technique, including its possible use in space exploration as envisioned by NASA's 3D-Printed Habitat Challenge. The paper initially discusses a method developed for 3D printing (or additive manufacturing) of concrete, and then it presents the results of material characterization in the form of mechanical properties of printed concrete. This is then followed by developing a preliminary finite element modeling of a dome-shaped structure and estimating the failure mode and capacity under gravity loading. The prediction of the structural capacity of the dome was necessary prior to actual testing of the dome structure. Initial tests were carried out based on compressive strength and simple bending tests of printed geopolymer specimens. The test results were used in the finite element modeling to predict the failure load that can collapse the scale dome structure. The actual failure mode of the tested scaled dome structure under top-side loading was then compared with the predicted failure mode and capacity from the simulation. The observed discrepancies between the simulation and real-world test results highlight critical limitations in 3D concrete printing for complex shapes. The reduced structural performance revealed the shortcomings of conventional approaches in determining the structural behavior of printed components, emphasizing the need for more in-depth testing and research.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1856453</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1856453</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Preparation of a direct addition composite modifier from direct coal liquefaction residue and its effect on the rheological properties of asphalt mastic]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yongxiang Li</author><author>Xuliang Zhang</author><author>Chaoyang Guo</author><author>Jian Gao</author><author>Xin Luo</author><author>Liqing Zhang</author><author>Hongyin Yu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[A DCLR-based direct-addition composite modifier was developed to promote the high-value utilization of direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) and simplify its application in asphalt modification. The effects of DCLR, SBR, aromatic oil, and crumb rubber on the rheological properties of asphalt mastic were evaluated using an L9 (34) orthogonal experimental design, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR), fluorescence microscopy (FM), and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Four independently prepared parallel specimens were tested for each orthogonal experimental group to ensure repeatability. The results showed that crumb rubber had the most substantial influence on high-temperature performance. When its content was increased from 10% to 20%, the rutting factor at 70 °C increased by approximately 42%, and its ANOVA contribution to the rutting factor reached 52.14%. Aromatic oil mainly governed low-temperature performance. Increasing its dosage from 2% to 6% improved the m-value at −12 °C by approximately 35%, and its contributions to creep stiffness and m-value at −12 °C were 52.12% and 51.45%, respectively. Based on range analysis, ANOVA, and comprehensive performance evaluation, the optimal formulation was determined as 6% DCLR, 1% SBR, 6% aromatic oil, 15% crumb rubber, and an external addition of 6% basalt fiber. The optimized asphalt mastic exhibited an approximately 50% increase in rutting factor and an approximately 30% increase in m-value compared with the base asphalt mastic. FM observations confirmed that the modifier particles and basalt fibers were uniformly dispersed within the asphalt matrix without obvious agglomeration. This study provides a statistically supported and sustainable approach for the resource utilization of DCLR in asphalt pavement materials.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1842999</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1842999</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Anisotropic thermal transport and interfacial binding mechanism in graphene Oxide/C-S-H composites: a molecular dynamics study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Tong Chen</author><author>Dan Chen</author><author>Cheng Gong</author><author>Yongzhe Zhao</author><author>Yongliang Han</author><author>Yijie Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The thermal properties of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and its interaction with graphene oxide (GO) are explored using the molecular dynamics method. As the main hydration product of cement, understanding the intrinsic thermal transport of C-S-H is crucial for solving the heat dissipation problem of mass concrete. The three principal thermal conductivities of C-S-H along x-, y-, z- axis are estimated respectively. The results show that C-S-H exhibits anisotropic thermal characteristics, and the volumetric thermal conductivity is calculated to be 1.28 W/(mK). Furthermore, the interfacial binding energy between C-S-H and graphene/GO is investigated to evaluate the stability of the composite system. It is found that the binding energy increases with the oxidation degree of GO, and the xy-plane of C-S-H exhibits the strongest affinity. The results provide fundamental data for the thermal design of cement-based composites.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1837700</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1837700</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Experimental study on cementation effect of EICP for sand solidification using concentrated seawater]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xin Hu</author><author>Yang Tan</author><author>Jiuyi Yu</author><author>Huiming Tan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) is an environmentally friendly soil cementation technique that typically uses CaCl2 as the calcium source. The CO32- produced by the urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of urea react with Ca2+ to form calcium carbonate, which bonds soil particles together. Considering the characteristics of coastal engineering, this study conducted EICP cementation tests on sand using seawater as the calcium source instead of CaCl2 solution. Penetration tests, cemented layer thickness measurements, and carbonate content tests were performed to comparatively analyze the effects of seawater concentration multiple, soybean urease activity, treatment-liquid ratio, cementation solution dosage, curing time, and number of treatment cycles on the solidification performance of EICP-treated sand. The results show that increasing the seawater concentration multiple enhances the penetration strength of the solidified sand, with a maximum measured strength of 1.97 MPa. Higher urease activity increases both penetration strength and calcium carbonate content, while also accelerating the reaction rate, leading to more pronounced clogging at the sand surface. When the treatment-liquid ratio increases, the saline solution becomes diluted to some extent, resulting in less concentrated surface cementation and reduced calcium carbonate formation at the surface. Increasing the total amount of cementation solution disperses the cementation effect across the specimen surface. The primary strengthening of the sand sample is completed within the first 12 h. Additionally, increasing the number of treatment cycles improves the cementation effect, and the best performance was observed when two treatments were applied with a 12-h interval.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1861492</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1861492</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Properties of fresh and hardened mortar using citric acid to tailor its suitability for 3D printing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>I. J. Rasehorn</author><author>C. Lehmann</author><author>M. Esmaeili Charkhab</author><author>D. Stephan</author><author>I. Mai</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In large-scale 3D concrete printing (3DCP), maintaining the material’s workability during the printing process is essential, as on-site delays and environmental conditions such as elevated temperatures can accelerate setting. Consequently, the ability to control the hydration kinetics in printable cementitious materials is of great practical importance. This study investigates the effect of citric acid, used as an organic retarder at dosages of 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt% by weight of water (bwow), on the hydration of a printable Portland cement-calcium aluminate cement binder system. Fresh- and hardened-state material properties were evaluated by measuring static and dynamic yield stress in the cast and printed material using penetration and slug tests, and by monitoring Young’s modulus evolution using ultrasound. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were conducted to evaluate hydration kinetics and microstructural differences and shrinkage was measured using molds. Mechanical performance was evaluated, and the deformation of the printed objects was measured. The results demonstrate a clear dosage-dependent retardation effect: citric acid extended setting times, increased flexural and compressive strength and reduced the strength loss associated with a cold joint. At the same time, higher dosages also increased shrinkage and reduced buildability due to greater deformation of the lower filaments under the load of the subsequently deposited layers. Microstructural analyses indicated that citric acid affects the development of hydration products, particularly calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H), thereby influencing long-term strength development. The results highlight the need to optimize the citric acid dosage to balance open time, buildability and structural performance in 3DCP.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1847807</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1847807</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Valorization of EPS and LDPE plastic waste in concrete tiles: mechanical properties, thermal insulation, and building energy simulation of a social housing case study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Andrés Emanuel Díaz</author><author>Haitham Al-Hakemi</author><author>Nicolas Di Lalla</author><author>Alejandro Luis Hernández</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Plastic waste management is a global environmental challenge. This research explores a sustainable solution through the development of concrete tiles incorporating recycled plastic aggregates. An experimental methodology was designed evaluating three mixtures: a control mix (B1) without waste, and two mixes with partial replacement of traditional aggregates by Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) waste (B2 and B3). Properties in the fresh and hardened state (slump, flexural and compressive strength, water absorption, density, thermal conductivity, and impact resistance) were analyzed. Additionally, the energy impact at the building level was assessed through dynamic simulations (SIMEDIF) of a social housing unit, comparing a Base Case with a Strategic Case incorporating the B2 tile, high-performance bricks, and double glazing. Experimental results indicate that B2 and B3 comply with IRAM standards, reducing density by up to 14% and thermal conductivity by up to 47% compared to the control. The thermal simulation revealed that during the critical winter period, the Improved Case raised minimum indoor temperatures by up to +2.4 °C and reduced heating demand by up to 35%. In summer, it lowered maximum indoor temperatures by up to 3.5 °C and reduced cooling demand by up to 38%. Mix B2 exhibited the best overall balance. The study concludes that it is feasible to produce tiles with plastic aggregates that not only improve thermal insulation at the material level but also generate significant energy savings at the housing scale, offering a viable alternative for waste valorization in sustainable construction.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1795730</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1795730</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Elevated-temperature performance of concrete with expanded perlite fine aggregate: experimental and ANN analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ramazan Demirboğa</author><author>İbrahim Türkmen</author><author>Khatib Zada Farhan</author><author>Ahmet Ferhat Bingöl</author><author>Ahmet Tortum</author><author>Abdulrahman Ahmad Alymani</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the thermal and mechanical properties of concrete incorporated with expanded perlite aggregate (EPA) exposed to elevated temperatures. The concrete specimens were prepared by replacing normal fine aggregate (0–2 mm) with EPA at varying proportions of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% and tests were conducted to analyse the thermal conductivity, compressive strength, flexural strength, dynamic elasticity modulus (DEM), dry unit weight and microstructural properties after exposure to temperatures of 23, 100, 200, 300,400 500, 600°C and 700 °C for 2 h, by air cooling method. All specimens were initially cured in 23°C ± 1 °C lime-saturated water for 28 days. Results showed a consistent reduction in thermal conductivity, compressive strength, UPV, flexural strength, DEM, and dry unit weight as a function of replacement ratio. Specifically, compressive strength reductions of 11%, 19%, 25%, and 36% were observed for 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% EPA replacement, respectively. All the concrete specimens exposed to a temperature of 500°C and 700 °C exhibited a significant reduction in thermal conductivity, compressive strength, UPV, flexure strength and DEM. Five property-specific ANN surrogates, for thermal conductivity, compressive strength, flexural strength, UPV and DEM, were trained on the 5 × 8 factorial dataset. The models achieved coefficients of determination in the range R2 = 0.83–0.98 on the combined data, with test MAPE values between 3.4% and 7.9%. Sensitivity analysis showed that target temperature (sensitivity ratio 4.0–6.7) dominated over EPA replacement ratio (1.5–3.3) as the primary driver of residual performance. The novelty of the study lies in coupling a dense elevated-temperature program for fine-fraction (0–2 mm) EPA replacement with a five-output ANN system built from a single experimental dataset; extrapolation of the models beyond the tested scope (w/cm = 0.35, 0–2 mm EPA, 23°C–700 °C) is not claimed.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1851243</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1851243</link>
        <title><![CDATA[GH/GOs/rGO reinforced alkaline and acid-activated geopolymers: a comparative study of microstructural and optical properties]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Mouna Sellami</author><author>Hebat-Allah S. Tohamy</author><author>Dumitru-Doru Burduhos-Nergiș</author><author>Petrică Vizureanu</author><author>Andrei Victor Sandu</author><author>Mohamed Toumi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[There is an increasing demand for new materials that deliver comparable properties to traditional ones while requiring less energy to cure. The aim of the current research work is to investigate the effect of graphene hydroxide (GH), graphene oxide solution (GOs), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the optical properties and microstructure of metakaolin-based geopolymers. Different schemes have been proposed for preparing GH/GO/rGO geopolymers using either alkaline or phosphoric acid as the activator. The chemical composition and microstructure of kaolin and metakaolin, as well as the physicochemical and optical properties of the synthetic geopolymers, were characterized using XRD, XRF, SEM-EDS, FTIR, and UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy. The experimental results revealed a high-purity raw kaolin with an oxide ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 of 1.3. The incorporation of GO into the alkaline-based geopolymer matrix was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. According to UV-Vis results, the alkaline-based geopolymer incorporated with graphene hydroxide showed the best results. Notably, alkaline-based geopolymers displayed a higher absorbance in the visible region as well as a lower band gap energy of 2.38 eV.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1848442</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1848442</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Shear response of CFRP-strengthened RC beams with different concrete strengths: interfacial fracture energy simulation methodology]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zahira Sadoun</author><author>Amr El Nemr</author><author>Farid Bouziadi</author><author>Rami A. Hawileh</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThis study uses nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) to explore the shear response of externally strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite materials.MethodsThree finite element models (FEM) were developed and validated against experimental results published in the literature.ResultsThe results revealed an accurate simulation for the shear behavior and captured the enhanced efficacy of externally RC beams utilizing CFRP laminates/sheets under three-point loading. A 3D NLFEA with perfect bonding is alongside Lu et al.’s bilinear cohesive zone material (CZM) model/bond-slip law (local bond shear stress-slip model) employed to simulate the shear response of CFRP externally strengthened RC beams. Furthermore, the verified model was employed in a parametric investigation examining the impact of concrete compressive strengths on the ultimate load, load-midspan deflection responses, stiffness, absorbed energy, and failure pattern of strengthened RC beam specimens. It was concluded that increasing the concrete compressive strength from 60 to 150MPa enhanced the load capacity, ductility, and total absorbed energy of the RC beam specimens from 56 to 101.52%, 2.39 to 20.00%, and 77.60 to 166.61%, respectively.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1769621</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1769621</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Setting time, compressive strength, and microstructural characterization of high early strength cement mortars containing metakaolin, calcium nitrate and triethanolamine]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Polipati Ananyachandran</author><author>Manikandan Periyasamy</author><author>Avuluri Vijaya Bhaskar</author><author>M. Helen Santhi</author><author>U. Johnson Alengaram</author><author>V. Vasugi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The experimental investigation encompassed the development of predictive models for the setting time and compressive strength of high early strength cement mortars (HESCM) incorporating metakaolin (MK), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and triethanolamine (C6H15NO3) at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days intervals using artificial neural networks (ANN). A total of 63 mix combinations were prepared, varying the ratios of MK (5, 10, and 15% replacement of cement), Ca(NO3)2, and C6H15NO3. The ANN models were configured with three parameters: the MK replacement ratio, the Ca(NO3)2 ratio, and the C6H15NO3 ratio. Furthermore, the characterization and microstructural examination of HESCM were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X- ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X- ray diffraction (XRD) analysis under acrylic resin based chemical curing. The results from experimental and training phases indicate that the ANN system exhibits significant potential in predicting the setting time and compressive strength of HESCM incorporating MK, Calcium Nitrate, and Triethanolamine.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1851489</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2026.1851489</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Mechanical performance and sustainability of GGBS-blended cementitious mortars for resilient construction]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-19T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Christina El Sawda</author><author>Mohamad Ali-Ahmad</author><author>Nadine Dirani</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundCement production is a significant source of global CO2 emissions, driving the need for sustainable alternatives in construction. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) has emerged as a promising supplementary cementitious material; however, its performance across wide replacement ranges and its combined environmental and economic implications remain insufficiently characterised, particularly in hot and arid climatic contexts such as the Gulf region.MethodsNine mortar mixes incorporating GGBS as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) were prepared at replacement levels ranging from 5% to 100%. Compressive and flexural strength were assessed at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) analyses were conducted to evaluate the environmental and economic performance of each mix over its service life.ResultsReplacement levels between 20% and 30% yielded optimal compressive strength, surpassing the OPC control at 28 days. Higher replacement levels enhanced flexural strength, though the highest recorded values require further validation. LCA results confirmed a progressive reduction in CO2 emissions with increasing GGBS content, while LCC analysis demonstrated improved cost efficiency relative to the OPC reference.DiscussionA 30% GGBS replacement level is identified as the optimal balance between mechanical performance, environmental benefit, and economic efficiency. These findings support the adoption of GGBS-blended mortars as viable, sustainable alternatives to conventional OPC-based construction materials in the Gulf region and comparable climatic environments.]]></description>
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