Front. Cardiovasc. Med.Frontiers in Cardiovascular MedicineFront. Cardiovasc. Med.2297-055XFrontiers Media S.A.10.3389/fcvm.2024.1380630Cardiovascular MedicineOriginal ResearchWall motion assessment by feature tracking in pediatric patients with coronary anomalies undergoing dobutamine stress CMRSachdevaShagun1*MolossiSilvana1Reaves-O’NealDana1MasandPrakash2DoanTam T.1Pediatric Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United StatesPediatric Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
Edited by: Nathalie Jeanne M. Bravo-Valenzuela, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Reviewed by: Francesco Bianco, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Italy
Sara Moscatelli, Royal Brompton Hospital, United Kingdom
Liwei Hu, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, China
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Background
Left ventricular (LV) wall motion assessment is an important adjunct in addition to perfusion defects in assessing ischemic changes. This study aims to investigate the feasibility and utility of performing feature tracking (FT) in pediatric patients with coronary anomalies undergoing dobutamine stress CMR to assess wall motion abnormalities (WMA) and perfusion defects.
Method
This is a retrospective study where 10 patients with an inducible first-pass perfusion (FPP) defect and 10 without were selected. Global LV circumferential strain/strain rate (GCS/GCSR) was measured at rest and at peak stress (systole and diastole) using a commercially available feature tracking software. Peak GCS and GCSR were compared to indexed wall motion score (WMSI) between groups with and without FPP defect and in subjects with and without WMA.
Results
The median age of patients was 13.5 years (Q1, 11 years; Q3, 15 years). Five subjects had qualitatively WMA at peak stress. A moderate correlation of GCS with WMSI at peak stress (0.48, p = 0.026) and a significant difference between GCS at rest and stress in patients with no inducible WMA (p = 0.007) were seen. No significant difference was noted in GCS between rest and stress in patients with WMA (p = 0.13). There was a larger absolute GCS/GCSR at peak stress in subjects with no inducible FPP defect or WMA.
Conclusion
Smaller absolute GCS and a lack of significant change in GCS at peak stress in those with inducible WMA or perfusion defect are suggestive of compromised LV deformation in subjects with inducible WMA. Given these findings, GCS derived from CMR-FT may be used to objectively assess WMA in pediatric patients undergoing stress CMR.
Coronary artery anomalies (CA) are an assorted group of congenital heart diseases with variable pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and implications. Of all the types, the anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA) is identified as the one with the highest risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young athletes (1, 2). The true prevalence of AAOCA in the general population remains unknown, as studies have focused primarily on symptomatic patients. The estimated frequency of anomalous aortic origin of the left coronary artery (AAOLCA) is 0.03%–0.15% while that of anomalous aortic origin of the right coronary artery (AAORCA) is 0.28%–0.92% (3). AAOCA is known to be the second leading cause of SCD in young athletes estimated to be responsible for 15%–20% of sudden deaths in this population (1, 2, 4, 5).
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance with dobutamine stress (DSCMR) is increasingly being utilized in the functional assessment of CA, including AAOCA and myocardial bridges (MB), given that it is non-invasive and utilizes no radiation (6) (Figures 1, 2). It not only provides volumetry data and ejection fraction but also identifies the presence of perfusion defects at rest and with pharmacological stress (6). It has been deemed safe and feasible in the pediatric population (6). The assessment for left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormalities (WMA) is an important adjunct in assessing ischemic changes (7). It is conventionally performed by subjective visual examination, which is associated with considerable interobserver variability (8). The wall motion score index (WMSI) reflects the magnitude of myocardial damage and the total extent of WMA (8).
(A) Axial CTA image showing the anomalous aortic origin of the left coronary artery (L-AAOCA) (B) 3D reconstruction depicting the L-AAOCA. (C) Dobutamine stress cardiac MRI perfusion sequence showing a subendocardial perfusion defect in the anterior interventricular septum.
CTA image showing a left anterior descending coronary artery myocardial bridge.
CMR myocardial feature tracking (CMR-FT) is utilized for circumferential and longitudinal myocardial mechanics (9, 10). This tool has been reported to be used in adults to predict functional recovery at rest in patients with coronary artery disease (11). Deformation imaging has the potential as a tool to detect early/subclinical changes in LV function in a variety of congenital and acquired heart diseases (12–15) and as a surrogate measure of outcome in therapeutic trials (16). However, there is limited data in the pediatric population particularly with AAOCA regarding utilization of this tool (14, 17, 18).
In this study, we evaluated the feasibility and utility of performing CMR-FT in pediatric patients undergoing stress CMR to assess WMA and perfusion defects in coronary anomaly patients as part of risk stratification for management decision-making.
Methods
Twenty patients with coronary anomalies who underwent a DSCMR as a part of their evaluation at the Coronary Artery Anomalies Program at Texas Children's Hospital were selected from our database and included in this study. Ten of these patients had an inducible first-pass perfusion (FPP) defect with dobutamine infusion and 10 did not. These two groups were matched for gender and type of anomaly.
DSCMR
All the studies were performed on a 1.5 T Magnetom Aera (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) scanner. Initially, cine imaging with SSFP sequences was performed in ventricular long-axis, four-chamber, and short-axis planes. Myocardial perfusion was then assessed at rest with 0.1 mmol/kg of gadolinium-based contrast agent (Gadavist, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, ON, Canada). Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sequence in short-axis and four-chamber orientation was performed around 5 min after contrast administration to assess myocardial viability. Dobutamine was started at 10 μg/kg/min and increased every 4 min to a maximum of 40 μg/kg/min. Additional atropine 0.01 mg/kg was given intravenously if the target heart rate (HR) was not attained. A HR of at least 150 or a rate pressure product of (RPP = HR × systolic blood pressure) ≥ 20 × 103sbpm mmHg was used as a minimal target hemodynamic response (6, 19). Cine SSFP sequences in the short-axis (basal, mid, and apical slices) and four-chamber orientation were performed with breath-hold if possible at each dobutamine dose to assess for WMA. A repeat FPP sequence was performed with a second dose of gadolinium. We aimed for a temporal resolution of the cine sequences ≤40 msec/frame and spatial resolution of the FPP ≤2.2 × 2.2 mm. Our institutional imaging protocol is detailed in Figure 3.
We assessed WMA using a four-point wall motion scoring system used to derive an indexed wall motion score (WMSI) according to the AHA 16-segment model (20, 21). Each segment was analyzed individually and scored based on its motion and systolic thickening. Each segment's function was confirmed in multiple views. Segments were scored as follows: normal or hyperkinesis = 1, hypokinesis = 2, akinesis = 3, and dyskinesis (or aneurysmatic) = 4 (22). WMSI was derived as the sum of all scores divided by the number of segments visualized into a single parameter (22). WMSI > 1 was taken as suggestive of wall motion abnormality (23).
CMR-FT
Global LV circumferential strain/strain rate (GCS/GCSR) was measured following automated LV endo- and epicardial tracking at rest and at peak stress (in systole and diastole) using feature tracking software on CVI42. Rest GCS and GCSR were measured from representative basal, mid, and apical slices from the short-axis stack and using a four-chamber sequence for reference points. Stress GCS and GCSR were measured from the SSFP short-axis and four-chamber wall motion sequence. Since only one slice in the four-chamber view is acquired for stress wall motion assessment, change in longitudinal strain/strain rate was not studied. Endocardial contours were manually drawn in all analyzed slices by one skilled observer (SS). A second observer (TD) reanalyzed the images to assess interobserver variability. Examples of strain assessment given by AHA segments and slices are shown in Figures 4, 5.
Example of a patient with LAD myocardial bridge with homogenous contraction (by AHA segments top and by apical/mid/basal slice bottom) (A) at rest (B) and at peak stress.
Example of a patient with LAD myocardial bridge with (A) homogenous contraction (by AHA segments top and by apical/mid/basal slice bottom) at rest (B) and heterogenous contraction (by AHA segments top and by apical/mid/basal slice bottom) at peak stress especially in the apical and basal slices.
Statistics
The variables were reported as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile ranges as appropriate. A Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the continuous variables, and chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the categorical variables of different groups. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for repeat measures of hemodynamic changes and strain changes. Peak GCS and GCSR were compared to WMSI and compared between the two groups with and without inducible FPP defect and in subjects with and without WMA.
ResultsPatient population
The mean age of the cohort at the time of the study was 13 years (range, 7–17 years). The diagnoses in 10 patients with inducible FPP defect included four anomalous aortic origins of the right coronary artery (R-AAOCA), two anomalous aortic origins of the left coronary artery (L-AAOCA), and for MB. Additionally, the diagnoses in the 10 patients without an inducible FPP defect included eight R-AAOCA, one L-AAOCA, and one MB. The stress medication used was dobutamine in all the subjects. Five of the 10 patients with a positive inducible perfusion defect had reported WMA by WMSI. There was a statistically significant difference in age between those with/without inducible perfusion abnormalities (Table 1).
Patient demographics.
Parameter
With inducible perfusion defect (n = 10)
Without inducible perfusion defect (n = 10)
p-value
Median age, years (Q1, Q3)
15 (13,17)
11 (9,14)
0.012
Male gender (%)
9 (90%)
7 (70%)
0.364
Coronary anomaly
0.228
AAOLCA, n (%)
2 (20%)
1 (10%)
AAORCA, n (%)
4 (40%)
8 (80%)
MB, n (%)
4 (40%)
1 (10%)
Median LVEF, % (Q1, Q3)
59 (57, 62)
60 (58, 63)
0.254
Intramural course, N (%)Median length, mm (Q1, Q3)
4 (40%)6.0 (5.7, 6.1)
8 (80%)6.0 (4.7, 6.3)
0.1700.927
High (STJ or higher) takeoff, N (%)
2 (20%)
5 (50%)
0.350
Slitlike ostium, N (%)
2 (20%)
7 (70%)
0.370
AAOLCA, anomalous aortic origin of the left coronary artery; AAORCA, anomalous aortic origin of the right coronary artery; MB, myocardial bridge; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; STJ, sinotubular junction.
The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for the non-parametric variables, and Fisher’s exact test was used for the categorical variables.
Bold value indicate significant p-value <0.05.
The image quality was sufficient to perform strain analysis in all segments for all subjects. LV and RV volumes were within normal limits (Table 1). There was no evidence of LGE in any of the included patients. There were no side effects to dobutamine exposure. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in HR, mean blood pressure, and cardiac output between rest and stress in the two groups (Table 2).
The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for the non-parametric variables.
Bold value indicate significant p-value <0.05.
Interobserver variability
Intraclass correlation coefficient analyses were performed between two readers and six subjects. There was very good interobserver agreement (k = 0.85) including GCS calculated at rest and stress.
Assessment of strain
There was a moderate correlation of GCS with WMSI at peak stress (0.48, p = 0.026).
A significant difference was present between GCS at rest and stress in patients with no inducible WMA (p = 0.007) and also in GCS at rest and stress in patients with (p = 0.016) and without (p = 0.005) inducible FPP defect. However, the numerical change in value was higher in patients without inducible FPP defect.
A significant difference was again present when analyzing GCSR at rest and stress in patients with (p = 0.043) and without (p = 0.007) inducible WMA, and the numerical change in value was higher in patients without inducible WMA. In addition, a significant difference was demonstrated in GCSR at rest and stress in patients with (p = 0.005) and without (p = 0.005) inducible FPP defect; however, the numerical change in value was slightly higher in patients without inducible FPP defect (Table 3).
Comparison of global GCS at rest and stress in patients with and without wall motion abnormality and with and without inducible perfusion defect.
Rest: median (Q1, Q3)
Stress: median (Q1, Q3)
p-value
Total
Global GCS
−20.5 (−21.6, −19.1)
−24.9 (−27.4, −21.9)
0.0001
N = 20
WMA
Inducible WMA
−20.6 (−21.5, −18.4)
−23.6 (−26.7, −20.5)
0.13
N = 5
No WMA
−20.4 (−22.4, −19.3)
−25.3 (−28.2, −22)
0.007
N = 15
FPP
Inducible FPP defect
−20.8 (−21.5, −19.3)
−23.0 (−26.7, −21)
0.016
N = 10
No FPP defect
−20.0 (−23.5, −18.9)
−26.2 (−28.3, −22.4)
0.005
N = 10
Global GCSR
−1.16 (−1.31, −1.01)
−3.20 (−4.10, −2.40)
0.0001
N = 20
WMA
Inducible WMA
−1.18 (−1.20, −1.07)
−2.58 (−3.90; −2.41)
0.043
N = 5
No WMA
−1.15 (−1.33, −0.96)
−3.30 (−4.30, −2.40)
0.0007
N = 15
FPP
Inducible FPP defect
−1.14 (−1.21, −1.07
−3.20 (−4.30, −2.41)
0.005
N = 10
No FPP
−1.22 (−1.33, −0.96)
−3.25 (−3.50, −2.40)
0.005
N = 10
GCS, global circumferential strain; GCSR, global circumferential strain rate; FPP, first-pass perfusion; WMA, wall motion abnormality.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for the repeated measures.
Bold values indicate significant p-values <0.05.
No significant difference was seen between GCS/GCSR at rest and stress in patients with or without WMA. However, the numerical value of GCS/GCSR with stress was higher in patients without WMA. No significant difference was also appreciated between GCS/GCSR at rest and stress in patients with or without inducible FPP defect. Nevertheless, the numerical value of GCS at stress was higher in patients without inducible FPP defect (Table 3).
When comparing the GCS and GCSR in patients with and without WMA, there was a significant difference only noted at the base (p = 0.043). However, the numerical value of GCS/GCSR was higher in patients without WMA (Table 4). Similar findings were noted in patients with and without an inducible FPP defect (Table 5).
Comparison of global GCS and GCSR in patients with and without wall motion abnormality.
WMA+: median (Q1, Q3)
WMA−: median (Q1, Q3)
p-value
Total
GCS rest
−20.6 (−21.5, −18.4)
−20.4 (−22.4, −19.3)
0.51
N = 20
GCS stress
−23.6 (−26.7, −20.5)
−25.3 (−28.2, −22)
0.17
GCS %change
22.7 (14.0, 23.0)
18.3 (7.7, 33.3)
0.76
GCSR rest
−1.18 (−1.20, −1.07)
−1.15 (−1.33, −0.96)
0.86
GCSR stress
−2.58 (−3.90, −2.41)
−3.30 (−4.30, −2.40)
0.63
GCSR %change
125 (107, 230)
163 (130, 290)
0.40
The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for the non-parametric variables.
Comparison of global GCS and GCSR in patients with and without inducible perfusion defect.
Induced hypoperfusion+: median (Q1, Q3)
No hypoperfusion−: median (Q1, Q3)
p-value
GCS rest
−20.8 (−21.5, −19.3)
−20.0 (−23.5, −18.9)
0.87
GCS stress
−23.0 (−26.7, −21)
−26.2 (−28.3, −22.4)
0.12
GCS %change
19.4 (9.7, 23.2)
18.3 (15.9, 33.3)
0.65
GCSR rest
−1.14 (−1.21, −1.07
−1.22 (−1.33, −0.96)
0.57
GCSR stress
−3.20 (−4.30, −2.41)
−3.25 (−3.50, −2.40)
0.93
GCSR %change
178 (107, 275)
143 (130, 208)
0.82
The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for the non-parametric variables.
In addition to the altered numerical value of GCS, the pattern of contraction was altered as well. There was a more homogenous contraction noted at rest and stress in patients without WMA and a heterogenous pattern with altered GCS in affected segments/slices with stress in patients with inducible WMA (Figures 4, 5).
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to evaluate the use of CMR-FT in assessing for WMA in pediatric patients with AAOCA and comparing it in patients with and without perfusion defects [unlike the other recent study (17)]. We found that in subjects without WMA or inducible perfusion defect, there was a larger absolute GCS, along with a lack of significant change in the GCS at peak stress in subjects with inducible WMA, suggesting subtle compromised LV deformation in subjects with WMA and inducible perfusion defect. Importantly, we demonstrated that CMR-FT is feasible and reproducible even when the temporal resolution is limited by a fast HR in a DSCMR.
LV wall motion assessment is an important adjunct to perfusion imaging in assessing ischemic changes (7). The prognostic value of WMSI has been investigated in patients with acute STEMI and NSTEMI myocardial infarction as well as post-CABG, suggesting it provides incremental information in predicting infarct size and mortality (8, 21, 24, 25). However, there has been an incremental value to WMSI with strain/deformation imaging.
Myocardial deformation imaging has been shown to detect early contractile dysfunction in a number of cardiovascular diseases. This measures the degree of deformation of a myocardial segment from its initial length to its maximum length and is expressed as a percentage (10). Feature tracking technology is a post-processing method that can be applied to routinely acquired cine CMR images. It is based on identifying features in the image and tracking them in the successive images of the sequence (26). This way, the displacement of myocardial segments can be measured. Deformation imaging has the potential as a tool to detect early/subclinical changes in LV function in a variety of congenital and acquired heart diseases (12–15) and as a surrogate measure of outcome in therapeutic trials (16). This seems particularly desirable in patients with AAOCA where risk stratification of those patients at risk remains a challenge (27). Deformation imaging has previously been applied to dobutamine stress echocardiography, and it was shown to offer prognostic information that is independent and incremental to the standard WMSI (9). A study on healthy adult volunteers undergoing DSCMR assessed the feasibility of performing CMR-FT (11), but no studies have been performed on pediatric patients undergoing DSCMR and utilizing CMR-FT to assess for WMA and compare patients with and without perfusion abnormalities. Our study assesses CMR-FT in the pediatric population with coronary anomalies and compared abnormalities in strain in patients not only with and without WMA but also with and without perfusion defects.
In our study, we found that the performance of GCS and GCSR is feasible at rest and in stress wall motion sequences. Our study highlights some important features including the lack of significant change in the GCS and GCSR in patients who had WMA. The numerical value of GCS and GCSR was noted to be higher in patients without WMA. There was noted to be a significant difference in GCS between rest and stress in patients without WMA and the numerical values were lower at stress in patients who had WMA and perfusion defects. This suggests compromised deformation in patients with evidence of ischemia given by inducible perfusion defect and/or WMA. Our further interpretation is that this gives more objective evidence of altered deformation in patients with perfusion defect and WMA especially when these changes are subtle. Thus, in a patient with borderline perfusion abnormalities, if the strain is depressed, then that would be suggestive of a significant abnormality. This was also reflected in the alteration in the pattern of GCS throughout the cardiac cycle in patients with inducible WMA as shown in Figure 5. Additionally, a systematic review of literature in adult patients with coronary heart disease showed alterations in strain prior to systolic dysfunction (16). All patients in our cohort who have WMA with stress had normal systolic function at the time consistent with the prior finding.
This study is limited by the small, cross-sectional cohort size. The reproducibility of this method across post-processing vendors was not assessed in this study. A larger cohort and longer-term follow-up are needed to determine the difference in these findings across different coronary anomalies and the impact of these findings on clinical and functional status in children with coronary anomalies.
Conclusions
We conclude that a larger absolute GCS in subjects without WMA or inducible perfusion defect and the lack of significant change in the GCS at peak stress in subjects with inducible WMA are suggestive of compromised LV deformation in subjects with WMA and inducible perfusion defect. Given these findings, GCS derived from CMR-FT may be considered to objectively assess WMA in pediatric patients undergoing DS CMR, especially in patients with different coronary anomalies, and may contribute to risk stratification and clinical decision-making.
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by the IRB of Baylor College of Medicine. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation was not required from the participants or the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin in accordance with the national legislation and institutional requirements.
The authors declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
TD received a scholar award from the Graeme McDaniel Foundation, which supported the article processing charge for this manuscript.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
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Abbreviations
AAORCA, anomalous origin of the right coronary artery; AAOLCA, anomalous origin of the left coronary artery; CA, coronary anomalies; DSCMR, cardiovascular magnetic resonance with dobutamine stress; CMR-FT, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging myocardial feature tracking; FPP, first-pass perfusion; GCS, global LV circumferential strain; GCSR, global LV circumferential strain rate; LV, left ventricular; WMA, wall motion abnormalities; MB, myocardial bridge; WMSI, wall motion score index.
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