AUTHOR=Li Tianyi , Wang Wan , Qin Zilu , Chen Yiling , Zhu Kangjie , Liu Haoyu , Sun Jiangjiang , Zhong Hongpeng 

TITLE=Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases: pathogenic mediators, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic vectors

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1666589

DOI=10.3389/fcvm.2025.1666589

ISSN=2297-055X

ABSTRACT=Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the leading global cause of mortality, underscore an urgent need for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs)—lipid-bilayer nanoparticles transporting bioactive cargo (microRNAs, proteins, lipids)—are critical mediators of intercellular communication in CVD pathogenesis. They exhibit functional duality: propagating pathology (inflammation, fibrosis, thrombosis) while facilitating tissue repair. This review synthesizes EV biogenesis mechanisms, isolation methodologies, source-specific functions, and multifaceted roles in atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke. We further evaluate EV-based diagnostic biomarkers, engineered therapeutic applications, clinical translation challenges, and future directions.