AUTHOR=Li Zhongwen , Wang Zhouqian , Xiu Liheng , Zhang Pengyao , Wang Wenfang , Wang Yangyang , Chen Gang , Yang Weihua , Chen Wei 

TITLE=Large language model-based multimodal system for detecting and grading ocular surface diseases from smartphone images

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2025.1600202

DOI=10.3389/fcell.2025.1600202

ISSN=2296-634X

ABSTRACT=BackgroundThe development of medical artificial intelligence (AI) models is primarily driven by the need to address healthcare resource scarcity, particularly in underserved regions. Proposing an affordable, accessible, interpretable, and automated AI system for non-clinical settings is crucial to expanding access to quality healthcare.MethodsThis cross-sectional study developed the Multimodal Ocular Surface Assessment and Interpretation Copilot (MOSAIC) using three multimodal large language models: gpt-4-turbo, claude-3-opus, and gemini-1.5-pro-latest, for detecting three ocular surface diseases (OSDs) and grading keratitis and pterygium. A total of 375 smartphone-captured ocular surface images collected from 290 eyes were utilized to validate MOSAIC. The performance of MOSAIC was evaluated in both zero-shot and few-shot settings, with tasks including image quality control, OSD detection, analysis of the severity of keratitis, and pterygium grading. The interpretability of the system was also evaluated.ResultsMOSAIC achieved 95.00% accuracy in image quality control, 86.96% in OSD detection, 88.33% in distinguishing mild from severe keratitis, and 66.67% in determining pterygium grades with five-shot settings. The performance significantly improved with the increasing learning shots (p < 0.01). The system attained high ROUGE-L F1 scores of 0.70–0.78, depicting its interpretable image comprehension capability.ConclusionMOSAIC exhibited exceptional few-shot learning capabilities, achieving high accuracy in OSD management with minimal training examples. This system has significant potential for smartphone integration to enhance the accessibility and effectiveness of OSD detection and grading in resource-limited settings.