AUTHOR=Li Shuang , Zhang Jiayi , Sun Luyao , Yang Ze , Liu Xinxing , Liu Jianling , Liu Xifu 

TITLE=Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: current advances in preparation and therapeutic applications for neurological disorders

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2025.1626996

DOI=10.3389/fcell.2025.1626996

ISSN=2296-634X

ABSTRACT=Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanoscale vesicles released by various cell types, have garnered significant attention in regenerative medicine. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) exhibit unique advantages, including their compact size, ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB), low immunogenicity, and high biosafety profile. However, challenges such as standardization of isolation protocols, establishment of quality control criteria, and scalability of production remain unresolved. This review critically examines the methodologies for preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetic profiling of MSC-EVs, alongside their therapeutic potential in neurological disorders. By synthesizing current advancements, this work aims to elucidate the translational value of EVs in clinical practice. Additionally, it seeks to accelerate their transition from preclinical research to therapeutic applications, and provide a robust theoretical foundation for novel strategies in treating neurological diseases.