AUTHOR=Arranz-Herrero Javier , Izpura-Luis Sara , Presa Jesus , Reche Paloma , Encinas Paloma , Kwon Taeyong , Rius-Rocabert Sergio , Tur-Planells Vicent , Tejerina Juan Luis , Ochando Jordi , Gutiérrez-Martín César B. , Bortz Eric , Garcia-Sastre Adolfo , Richt Juergen A. , Montoya Maria , del Real Gustavo , Nistal-Villan Estanislao 

TITLE=Swine influenza-modified pulmonary microbiota

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

VOLUME=Volume 15 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1634469

DOI=10.3389/fcimb.2025.1634469

ISSN=2235-2988

ABSTRACT=Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a major health concern in both humans and animals, with pigs serving as key reservoirs for generating novel reassortant viruses with pandemic potential. Respiratory microbiome alterations during infection may facilitate secondary bacterial complications. This study investigates the lung microbiota of pigs naturally infected with IAV across different regions in Spain, using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long-read 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize associated bacterial communities. Our results show a higher bacterial genus diversity in IAV-infected animals compared to healthy controls, with significant differences in both presence and relative abundance of bacterial taxa. Infected lungs exhibited increased proportions of potential pathogens, particularly Glaesserella spp., detected in approximately 60% of infected samples, often as the dominant genus. Other pathogenic genera, including Pasteurella, Staphylococcus, Mycoplasma, and Fusobacterium, were also strongly associated with infection. Clustering analyses revealed distinct microbial profiles that clearly separated infected from non-infected animals, identifying specific bacterial signatures predictive of infection status. These findings suggest that IAV infection significantly alters the pulmonary microbiota, potentially creating a permissive environment for secondary bacterial infections. This study underscores the relevance of microbiota shifts during IAV infection in swine and highlights the importance of understanding microbial dynamics in respiratory disease progression. Additionally, we present a novel, rapid, and practical experimental pipeline based on ONT long-read sequencing to investigate the respiratory microbiota in swine infection models. This approach offers a valuable tool for future research and potential diagnostic applications in both veterinary and human medicine.