AUTHOR=Gao Qing , Zhan Yuqing , Zhang Jianhao , Sun Dongyu , Xiang Huayuan , Bao Chenxuan , Gao Qianqian , Zhang Mengyu , Wang Jianjun , Mao Lingxiang 

TITLE=The diagnostic potential of extracellular vesicles in virus-related diseases

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

VOLUME=Volume 15 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1641405

DOI=10.3389/fcimb.2025.1641405

ISSN=2235-2988

ABSTRACT=Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous population of lipid bilayer-enclosed membranous particles, are widely involved in cell-cell communication and pathophysiological regulation. Recent advances reveal their dual functionality in viral pathogenesis: while facilitating viral dissemination through transport of pathogenic components, they simultaneously orchestrate host antiviral defense mechanisms. The unique molecular cargo loading capacity and high stability of EVs in body fluids make them ideal biomarkers for early infection diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognostic evaluation of virus-related disease. Compared to traditional viral detection methods, EV-based liquid biopsy techniques exhibit distinct advantages, including non-invasiveness and enhanced sensitivity thresholds. This review systematically examines the diagnostic potential of EV biomarkers in viral infections, offering novel perspectives for developing precision diagnostics and therapeutic interventions.