AUTHOR=Tikent Aziz , Laaraj Salah , Bouddine Toufik , Chebaibi Mohamed , Bouhrim Mohamed , Elfazazi Kaoutar , Alqahtani Ali S. , Noman Omar M. , Hajji Lhoussain , Rhazi Larbi , Elamrani Ahmed , Addi Mohamed 

TITLE=Antioxidant potential, antimicrobial activity, polyphenol profile analysis, and cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines of hydro-ethanolic extracts of leaves of (Ficus carica L.) from Eastern Morocco

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Chemistry

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2024

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/chemistry/articles/10.3389/fchem.2024.1505473

DOI=10.3389/fchem.2024.1505473

ISSN=2296-2646

ABSTRACT=Many beneficial compounds found in fig leaves can be used in tea and medicine. These compounds aid with digestion, reduce inflammation, and treat diabetes and bronchitis. Chetoui, Malha, Ghoudane, and Onk Hmam fig leaf hydro-ethanol extracts from Eastern Morocco were analyzed for metabolites and biological activities. HPLC-UV examination revealed that the leaf extract included mainly caffeine, rutin, and ferrulic acid. Malha leaf is rich in polyphenols (62.6 ± 1.3 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (26.2 ± 0.1 mg QE/g). Chetoui leaf contains the highest vitamin C content (8.2 ± 0.1 mg Asc A/100 g DW), while Onk Hmam leaf  has the highest condensed tannin (4.9 ± 0.1 mg CatE/g). The investigations found that all leaf extracts were antioxidant-rich, with strong relationships between bioactive polyphenol levels and antioxidant tests for DPPH, β-carotene, ABTS, and TAC (values of -0.93, -0.94, -0.85, and 0.98, respectively). The coefficients for flavonoid content were -0.89, -0.89, -0.97, and 0.80, respectively. In addition to eliminating fungi and bacteria, hydro-ethanol fig leaf extracts showed promise cytotoxicity against the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-436. In silico leaf bioactive component analysis revealed that: myricitin inhibited NADPH oxidase the greatest (gscore -6.59 Kcal/mol). Trans-ferulic acid inhibits Escherichia coli beta-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase (-6.55 kcal/mol), whereas quercetin inhibits Staphylococcus aureus nucleoside diphosphate kinase (-8.99). CYP51 from Candida albicans is best treated with kaempferol and myricitin. Both had a glide gscore of  -7.84 kcal/mol. Rutin has the most potent Sespace 3 anticancer activity, with a glide gscore of -7.09 kcal/mol. This research indicates that fig leaf extracts from the region can be used in medicine, food, natural cosmetics, and breast cancer prevention. To maximize the value of these leaves, their use must be carefully studied. Naturally, this fortunate tree's diversity must be preserved and enhanced.