AUTHOR=dos Santos Silva Fabrício Daniel , Gomes Helber Barros , da Costa Claudia Priscila Wanzeler , Nogueira Neto Antônio Vasconcelos , de Freitas Ismael Guidson Farias , dos Santos Vanderlei Mário Henrique Guilherme , da Silva Maria Cristina Lemos , Costa Rafaela Lisboa , dos Reis Jean Sousa , dos Santos Franco Vânia , dos Santos Ana Paula Paes , Saraiva Ivan , da Rocha Júnior Rodrigo Lins , Cabral Júnior Jório Bezerra , da Silva Helder José Farias , dos Santos Jesus Edmir , da Silva Ferreira Douglas Batista , Tedeschi Renata Gonçalves 

TITLE=Bias correction methods for simulated precipitation in the Brazilian Legal Amazon

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Climate

VOLUME=Volume 7 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/climate/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1651474

DOI=10.3389/fclim.2025.1651474

ISSN=2624-9553

ABSTRACT=This study aimed to evaluate precipitation estimates over the Brazilian Legal Amazon (BLA) using high-resolution historical simulations from the MPI-ESM1-2-HR climate model, before and after regionalization with the RegCM4.7.1 model. Continuous 32-year simulations (1981-2012) were compared against observed precipitation data on a regular 0.5° × 0.5° grid over the BLA. Six experiments were conducted: (1) MPI, comparing raw MPI-ESM1-2-HR precipitation with observations; (2) REG, comparing regionalized MPI-ESM1-2-HR precipitation via RegCM4.7.1 with observations; and (3-6) four experiments applying two bias correction methods, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and principal component regression (PCR), to the MPI and REG out-puts, resulting in MPI-CCA, MPI-PCR, REG-CCA, and REG-PCR experiments. Monthly evaluations revealed very low average correlations (r) between the uncorrected simulations and observations: 0.008 for MPI and 0.013 for REG, with mean ab-solute errors (MAE) of 80 mm and 120 mm, and root mean square errors (RMSE) of 97 mm and 143 mm, respectively, indicating poor representation of observed climatology. However, the application of CCA and PCR substantially improved the simulations. MPI-CCA achieved r = 0.36, MAE = 43 mm, and RMSE = 54 mm, while REG-CCA reached r = 0.41, MAE = 42 mm, and RMSE = 53 mm. The best performance was observed with PCR: MPI-PCR showed r = 0.47, MAE = 40 mm, and RMSE = 51 mm, whereas REG-PCR obtained the highest accuracy with r = 0.52, MAE = 39 mm, and RMSE = 50 mm. These improvements were corroborated by Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) analysis, reinforcing its value as a metric for precipitation simulation assessment. Among all months, REG-PCR achieved superior correlation and lower errors in 8 out of 12 months (February, March, April, July, September, October, November, and December). MPI-PCR performed better in January, June, and August, while REG-CCA stood out only in May. These findings underscore the importance of bias correction, particularly PCR, in reducing uncertainties in future precipitation projections for the BLA. The results highlight the potential for applying PCR to model outputs to improve projections of climate extremes, thereby supporting strategic planning across multiple sectors in this critical region.