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        <title>Frontiers in Climate | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/climate</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Climate | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-07-26T07:19:22.767+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1807933</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1807933</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Feasibility of CO2 pipeline construction to enable gigaton-scale carbon dioxide removals: evidence from historical precedent]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Cameron Roberts</author><author>Jenna Hatcher Greene</author><author>Gregory Nemet</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Transporting carbon dioxide via pipelines may be part of future carbon dioxide removal processes as one component of meeting global temperature targets. In this analysis, we use the history of fossil fuel pipeline networks to assess the feasibility of rapidly building enough CO2 pipelines to enable gigaton-scale removals of CO2 from the Earth's atmosphere. We collect data on scenarios of CO2 pipeline construction, historical fossil fuel pipeline construction, and the historical context of this construction to answer four questions: (1) What length of pipeline network will be required to achieve the benchmarks of 1 Gt or 100 Mt of CO2 in 2050? (2) What have been the largest national and international fossil fuel pipeline buildouts achieved in a 25-year period? (3) Is it feasible to build enough CO2 pipelines to enable gigaton-scale carbon dioxide removals given these historical precedents? (4) Under what political, economic, and social circumstances have rapid pipeline build-outs occurred? We find that a pipeline network of roughly 8,000 km will be necessary to enable 100 Mt of carbon dioxide removal, and that roughly 100,000 km will be necessary for 1 Gt. There are 15 cases in the historical record of a country building 8,000 km of fossil fuel pipelines in 25 years, and only three cases of a country building 100,000km or more of pipelines in the same timescale. Rapid construction of fossil fuel pipelines has benefited from strong economic and institutional drivers, which may not apply to CO2 pipelines in the same way. Our findings are reason for caution about the likelihood of CO2 pipeline build outs keeping pace with CO2 removal targets.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1807595</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1807595</link>
        <title><![CDATA[From soft limits to hard thresholds: mapping the adaptation gap in sub-Saharan African agriculture – a systematic review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Tendai Madanzi</author><author>Raymond Mugandani</author><author>Mutondwa M. Phophi</author><author>Tendai Maparara</author><author>Wendy M. Chiota</author><author>Paramu Mafongoya</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionClimate change presents one of the greatest challenges to economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) due to the region’s dependency on rain-fed agriculture and low adaptive capacity. While many studies examine barriers and limits to climate change adaptation globally, evidence from SSA remains limited, fragmented, and with no conclusive synthesis of adaptation constraints and opportunities, including how they interact including identification of hotspot countries. This systematic review synthesizes literature on barriers, limits, and enablers of climate change adaptation in SSA’s agricultural sector, identifying spatial and temporal patterns and providing an integrated framework for understanding adaptation dynamics.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines, searching peer-reviewed articles in Scopus, African Journals Online (AJOL), CAB Abstracts, and Google Scholar databases published between 2015 and 2025. After screening 50,549 initial records, 96 studies from empirical studies met the inclusion criteria and were all included for in-depth synthesis. The articles were classified by barrier type, limit category, enabler pathway, and geographic coverage included African countries facing conflicts.ResultsPublication output increased eight times when comparing the 2015 (4 articles) and 2025 (32 articles) yet research remains highly concentrated to just five countries (Ethiopia, South Africa, Ghana, Kenya, and Nigeria) accounting for over half (55.2%) of all publications, while 18 SSA countries which include highly vulnerable and conflict-affected nations such as Somalia, Sudan, Central African Republic and Chad have no peer-reviewed studies. Consequently, our findings drawn predominantly drawn from Anglophone Eastern and Southern Africa may not be generalizable to Francophone West Africa, Lusophone countries, or active conflict zones without locally grounded validation. Financial constraints (46.9% of articles), biophysical stressors (39.6%), and institutional barriers (29.2%) emerged as the most dominant adaptation barriers. Conflict and insecurity also emerged as distinct barriers in 18.8% of articles whereas information and technology, gender specific issues and social and human capital barriers were the lowest at 16.7, 10.4 and 8.3%, respectively. Most constraints represented soft limits (75%) and can be reversible through policy, while biophysical thresholds such as persistent water scarcity and ecosystem degradation constitute potential hard limits (25%) requiring transformative adaptation. Enabler categories included indigenous knowledge systems (9%), which were under-represented.ConclusionThe study shows that adaptation in SSA is less constrained by climate awareness deficits but more by geographic concentration of research knowledge, structural poverty, institutional fragmentation, governance capacity gaps, and civil conflicts which systematically exclude most vulnerable populations from evidence generation. Eighteen countries remain entirely unstudied, representing a critical research and policy blind spot. Closing gaps in SSA’s adaptation requires (i) decentralized research investment targeting conflict-affected and under-represented nations such as Francophone, Lusophone, and fragile states; (ii) adaptation interventions that distinguish soft limits which are reversible, from hard biophysical limits that require transformative change; and (iii) integrated, multi-enabler packages that combine financial, institutional, informational, and social capital rather than single-factor interventions.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1883998</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1883998</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Soil security under climate change: safeguarding soil systems in a warming world]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Thilini Jayasekara</author><author>Alex McBratney</author><author>Damien Field</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Although climate change is one of the major global challenges that influences diverse sectors and impacts environmental, economic, and societal discussions worldwide, its impacts on soil systems are often overlooked. Climate stressors are increasingly disrupting many soil properties and essential functions, thereby threatening the long-term sustainability of soil resources. The first section of this review synthesizes the existing literature on the negative impacts of climate change on key soil functions and highlights the limited recognition of soils in major global climate discussions, emphasizing the importance of an integrated and systematic approach to assessing soil systems. In response, the review proposes the soil security framework as a practical pathway to safeguarding soils under changing climatic conditions. Soil security offers a comprehensive approach to evaluating soil systems through five interconnected dimensions: capacity, condition, capital, connectivity, and codification. Securing soils requires going beyond chemical, physical, and biological assessments to incorporate social, economic, and policy dimensions, which raises awareness and strengthens policy responses to climate-related risks, as clearly outlined in the soil security framework. The review demonstrates how this framework can be applied to assess climate change impacts and direct soil protection strategies. In practice, this conceptual framework can be operationalised through the Soil Security Assessment Framework (SSAF), allowing its application under real-world conditions. The SSAF provides a practical pathway for translating the soil security concept into climate change assessment and management, further supported by the pedogenon, genosoil, and phenosoil concepts, which help distinguish the inherent soil capacity to buffer climate impacts from their current condition under increased climatic pressures. Overall, this review concludes that the soil security framework supports the protection of soil systems while providing a foundation for developing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies to enhance soil resilience and protect soil systems under a changing climate.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1843933</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1843933</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Environmental predictors and machine learning models for climate-health risk prediction from extreme weather events: a global systematic review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Fahad Ayaz</author><author>Adam Ashford</author><author>Muhammad Zeeshan Shakir</author><author>Naeem Ramzan</author><author>Michael Gebreslasie</author><author>Serestina Viriri</author><author>David Ndzi</author><author>Natalie Dickinson</author><author>Llinos Haf Spencer</author><author>Mary Lynch</author><author>Fiona Henriquez-Mui</author><author>Ozayr Mahomed</author><author>Saloshni Naidoo</author><author>Nisha Nadesan-Reddy</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Climate change is increasing the frequency, severity, and duration of extreme weather events, including heatwaves, floods, and heavy rainfall, posing substantial risks to population health worldwide. Traditional epidemiological approaches capture retrospective associations but are limited in modeling the non-linear, multivariable relationships between climate exposures and health outcomes. This review synthesized evidence on the application of machine learning models to predict health outcomes associated with extreme weather events and identify the environmental predictors most consistently reported as important. A comprehensive search across 11 electronic databases was conducted following the PRISMA-2020 guidelines, identifying peer-reviewed studies published between July 2010 and July 2025. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were assessed for risk of bias using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Heat-related exposures dominated the included studies, with 17 of the 18 studies focusing on heatwaves, while only one examined heavy rainfall in relation to dengue outcomes. Temperature-based variables were consistently used as predictors across all studies. Socioeconomic and demographic variables were included in 10 studies, but were ranked as the most influential predictors in only three. Random Forest was the most frequently evaluated algorithm and was identified as the best-performing model in seven studies spanning high-income and upper-middle-income settings. However, the Generalized Additive Model outperformed machine learning models in two studies, and predictive performance varied substantially across contexts. Although the evidence base is concentrated in high-income countries, external validation was absent across all included studies, limiting the confidence in model generalizability. Despite the dominance of heat-related studies, the absence of models for flood-related health outcomes represents a critical gap, given the global burden of flood-related morbidity. Key limitations include limited integration of socioeconomic determinants, uneven geographical distribution of evidence, and sparse data availability with coarse spatial resolution in low- and middle-income countries, constraining model transferability. Significant variability in predictive performance, combined with the absence of external validation, indicates that the operational deployment of these models remains premature. Addressing these gaps requires expanding the modeling approach to include rainfall and flood-related health outcomes, improving data availability and spatial resolution, and developing transferable model architectures to support reliable early warning systems.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251077655, identifier CRD420251077655.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1861932</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1861932</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Spatial patterns and nonlinear drivers of summer Urban Dry-Wet Islands in China: integrating geographically weighted regression with explainable machine learning]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xiaolei Huang</author><author>Jin Ni</author><author>Ledi Shao</author><author>Peng Wu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The Urban Dry-Wet Island (UDWI) effect reflects urbanization-induced alterations in regional hydrothermal cycles, yet its spatial patterns and nonlinear drivers remain poorly quantified. This study develops an integrated framework coupling Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), XGBoost, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to investigate summer diurnal and nocturnal UDWI dynamics across 329 Chinese cities. Spatial patterns are characterized across five representative years (2015, 2018, 2020, 2022, 2024) and their 2015–2024 mean, with 2020 selected as a representative baseline for detailed mechanistic attribution. Results reveal a persistent “drier northwest-wetter southeast” spatial pattern across the multi-year period. Focusing on the representative year 2020, dry island effects intensify markedly at night (frequency increasing from 65.1% to 67.2%, and intensity rising from 1.569 to 1.716). UDWI generally exhibits negative coupling with the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, strengthened under nocturnal conditions, with the R2 increasing from 0.127 ~ 0.129 during the day to 0.354 ~ 0.428 at night. Driving mechanisms shift diurnally: daytime UDWI is primarily governed by background humidity and evapotranspiration, whereas nighttime dynamics are increasingly controlled by land surface temperature and anthropogenic activities. Notably, urban impervious surface fraction exhibits a nonlinear threshold (≈40%), beyond which drying effects accelerate. These findings underscore that UDWI emerges from coupled hydrological-thermal processes characterized by strong nonlinearity and spatial heterogeneity. The proposed framework provides an interpretable pathway for disentangling urban climate mechanisms and supports evidence-based strategies for urban climate regulation and ecological optimization.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1821218</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1821218</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Women and climate adaptation in South Africa: a gender-responsive policy review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Caiphus Baloyi</author><author>Moya Bydawell</author><author>Wilfred Lunga</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThis article examines how South African climate adaptation policies conceptualize and operationalise gender-responsive adaptation, with particular attention to women's vulnerability, agency, and participation in climate governance.MethodsRather than employing a systematic review, the study adopts a qualitative policy review and interpretive analysis, drawing on peer-reviewed academic literature, national legislation and policy documents, government strategies, and international normative frameworks related to gender equality, climate adaptation, and disaster risk reduction. The study conducted a review of 14 purposively chosen policy documents, such as the National Climate Change Adaptation strategy, the Climate Change Act 2024, and the National Development Plan. This review employed thematic coding, drawing on Intersectionality Theory and the Gender and Development (GAD) Approach.Results and DiscussionThe analysis reveals that while South Africa has developed comprehensive climate and development policies, gender considerations remain weakly operationalised within adaptation planning and implementation. Structural barriers, including inadequate gender mainstreaming, limited gender-responsive budgeting, fragmented institutional coordination, and insufficient political commitment, continue to constrain women's adaptive capacity. The findings demonstrate that women's empowerment is not positioned as a core pillar of climate resilience, resulting in adaptation strategies that insufficiently address intersecting vulnerabilities. The article argues that meaningful gender- responsive adaptation requires institutional reforms that embed intersectionality, strengthen women's agency in governance, and align climate action with broader socio-economic transformation goals. Policy recommendations include institutionalizing gender-responsive budgeting, enhancing participatory climate governance, and strengthening accountability mechanisms across national and local adaptation processes.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1814904</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1814904</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Sustainable or maladaptive? A systematic review of climate adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in SADC and South India]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Norbert Mungwini</author><author>Murale Venugopalan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionClimate change poses severe risks to smallholder farmers in developing regions, yet adaptation responses do not uniformly enhance resilience: some are sustainable and strengthen long-term adaptive capacity, whereas others are maladaptive and may deepen future vulnerability. Comparative evidence across regions of the Global South remains limited.MethodsFollowing PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we systematically reviewed 58 studies from 15 countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and South India. We identified common crop-based adaptation strategies and classified them as sustainable or maladaptive based on their environmental, social, and economic consequences.ResultsThe most frequently reported strategies were changing planting dates, crop diversification, drought-tolerant crops, irrigation, and soil conservation. Approximately 80% of recorded strategies were sustainable, including pit planting, agroforestry, and cover cropping. However, we also identified maladaptive responses, including excessive use of chemical fertilisers, riverbank gold mining, and the sale of productive assets. The most persistent barriers to sustainable adaptation were limited financial support, poor access to climate information, and unreliable weather updates.DiscussionThese findings reveal that maladaptive responses persist where farmers face severe financial, informational, and institutional constraints. Sustainable strategies generated co-benefits aligned with SDGs 1, 2, 3, 13, and 15. Strengthening climate-resilient adaptation requires targeted support expanding access to affordable finance, bundled insurance, reliable climate services, and farmer training in sustainable practices, while discouraging environmentally damaging coping responses.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1885893</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1885893</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Digital technologies for adaptive climate governance: a systematic literature review with implications for policy innovation in South Africa]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Lwando Mdleleni</author><author>Bethuel Sibongiseni Ngcamu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionClimate change governance in developing countries continues to face persistent implementation challenges arising from uneven institutional capacity, weak data infrastructure, and limited stakeholder participation. Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, blockchain, and digital participation platforms, have been proposed as potential enablers of adaptive climate governance. However, evidence on how these technologies contribute to adaptive governance and policy innovation in developing-country contexts remains fragmented.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Literature published between January and March 2026 was identified through searches of five electronic databases. After screening and quality appraisal, 44 studies were included in the review. Data were analysed using qualitative thematic synthesis in ATLAS.ti 25 through a hybrid deductive -inductive coding approachResultsFive themes emerged from the analysis: (1) AI and predictive climate analytics, (2) IoT and real-time environmental monitoring, (3) digital platforms for stakeholder engagement, (4) blockchain for transparent climate governance, and (5) big data and policy learning. The review demonstrates that digital technologies support anticipatory governance, adaptive policy learning, accountability, and collaborative decision-making when supported by appropriate institutional conditions. It also introduces the Digital Adaptive Governance Framework (DAGF), which proposes five governance pathways linking digital technology inputs to policy outcomes: anticipatory governance, feedback loops, adaptive policy learning, accountability-triggered reform, and collaborative governance.DiscussionThe findings indicate that digital technologies are governance-contingent rather than inherently transformative; their effectiveness depends on institutional capacity, policy coordination, digital literacy, and inclusive governance arrangements. For South Africa, the review highlights opportunities to strengthen climate governance by improving digital infrastructure, enhancing transparency in Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) implementation, addressing water governance challenges, and promoting inclusive digital participation. Institutional reform and capacity development should precede large-scale technology procurement. The proposed DAGF provides a conceptual foundation for future empirical research on digital technologies and adaptive climate governance in developing-country contexts.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1767416</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1767416</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Climate change and child undernutrition in Nigeria: a systematic review of evidence and policy gaps]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Uma Langkulsen</author><author>Ifeoluwa Emmanuel Ilugbusi</author><author>Augustine Lambonmung</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionClimate change poses fundamental threats to food security and health systems, with children under five experiencing disproportionate nutritional vulnerability. Nigeria’s high climate sensitivity and severe child undernutrition burden create a critical nexus requiring policy attention. This study aims to systematically analyze pathways through which climate change worsens child undernutrition in Nigeria and critically evaluates the National Climate Change Policy’s responsiveness to these documented impacts.MethodsA systematic review of literature published between 2019 and 2024 was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, searching multiple databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, The Lancet, Google Scholar) and organizational websites.ResultsFrom 1,084 found records, 27 studies met inclusion criteria after rigorous screening. Our critical policy analysis reveals that while Nigeria’s National Climate Change Policy (2021–2030) acknowledges child vulnerability and references a reported stunting prevalence of 43.6%, it does not operationalize this recognition. The policy lacks specific goals, measurable indicators, or targeted interventions to reduce child stunting and wasting. A critical disconnect exists between the documented climate-nutrition pathways and Nigeria’s policy response.DiscussionTo protect vulnerable children, there is a need for integration of explicit nutrition security goals, strengthened intersectoral collaborations among the Federal Ministries of Health, Agriculture and Food Security, Environment, Finance and the Economy, and Women Affairs, alongside international partners such as UNICEF, WHO, and the World Food Programme, and implementing climate-sensitive and sustainable interventions that address inequities and gender disparities.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews). CRD420261330377, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261330377.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1861050</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1861050</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Missing Western Pacific moorings threaten weather and climate forecasting and research]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Sophie Cravatte</author><author>Magdalena Balmaseda</author><author>Philip Browne</author><author>Meghan F. Cronin</author><author>Charlotte DeMott</author><author>J. Thomas Farrar</author><author>Yosuke Fujii</author><author>Florent Gasparin</author><author>William S. Kessler</author><author>Tong Lee</author><author>Michael Mayer</author><author>Shayne McGregor</author><author>Michael J. McPhaden</author><author>A. Santoso</author><author>Janet Sprintall</author><author>Caihong Wen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The Tropical Western Pacific Ocean is characterized by some of the warmest seawaters, driving the global atmospheric circulation and climate through the ascending branches of the Walker and Hadley circulations. This region is key for the genesis of El Niño Southern Oscillation, the dominant interannual climate mode with world-wide influence and substantial socioeconomic impacts. Observations of the ocean–atmosphere system in this region are thus crucial to describe, understand, and forecast climate globally, and to better document and interpret intraseasonal variability, the monsoons and typhoon genesis. For more than 40 years, this region has been monitored using a combination of platforms, including satellite and in situ sensors, which together form the Tropical Pacific Observing System (TPOS). One of the key components of the TPOS is the moored array, which offers the unique ability to provide collocated oceanic and surface atmospheric observations at high temporal resolution, as well as long time series for context and accurate statistics. Initially composed of nearly 70 moorings, the TAO/TRITON (Tropical Atmosphere Ocean/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network) moored array suffered from deterioration to the TAO array in 2012, followed by a decommissioning of the western Pacific TRITON array beginning in 2014. Despite plans and strong recommendations by the community to redeploy and maintain moorings in the Western Pacific, there are currently no near-equatorial moorings deployed west of 165°E and none planned for future deployment. This absence of moorings in the western Pacific poses an immediate risk to the value of a basin-wide TPOS and our ability to observe, understand and forecast ocean–atmosphere coupled variability. This paper discusses the direct and indirect risks that this gap presents for the research and the operational communities, for subseasonal-to-seasonal forecasts and long-term climate change studies. It highlights the urgent need to ensure TPOS robustness in this important region.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1763661</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1763661</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Research on the impact of climate risk on corporate cost of debt financing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Huipeng Yang</author><author>Yihang Yu</author><author>Yuhan Wu</author><author>Li He</author><author>Minghao Li</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Global warming and frequent extreme weather have rendered climate risks a key factor affecting corporate financial performance. This study explores how climate risk correlates with firms’ cost of debt financing and its underlying transmission channels. We take China’s A-share listed firms from 2016 to 2024 as samples, construct a climate risk index covering physical and transition risks via annual report text mining, and adopt two-way fixed-effect regressions for baseline analysis. We perform mediating mechanism tests to identify transmission paths, and conduct multiple robustness checks along with instrumental variable estimation and propensity score matching (PSM) to address potential endogeneity concerns. Subgroup analyses are conducted based on information disclosure quality, firm size and industrial carbon features. Results show climate risk is positively associated with higher cost of debt financing. Two mediating pathways are verified: climate risk reduces corporate solvency and elevates operational volatility, which pushes up the cost of debt financing. The positive correlation is more pronounced for enterprises with low information disclosure quality, large firms, and low-carbon industries, while high-carbon firms show insignificant responses. The findings offer supplementary empirical evidence on climate-related cost of debt financing. Relevant suggestions for firms and regulators are provided to improve climate risk management and green financial governance under the dual-carbon framework.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1782991</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1782991</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Climate-induced loss and damage in Nepal: attribution analysis and institutional readiness for international support]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Manjeet Dhakal</author><author>Atta Ullah</author><author>Sneha Pandey</author><author>Sanjay Nath Khanal</author><author>Kumud Raj Kafle</author><author>Abhishek Yadav</author><author>Fahad Saeed</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Nepal, a mountainous, landlocked and least developed country in the eastern Himalayas, is highly vulnerable to climate change due to its complex topography, fragile ecosystem and limited ability to adapt to rapidly growing climate impacts. The vulnerability is exacerbated with increased frequency and intensity of climate induced disasters, such as floods, landslides, glacier retreat and glacier lake outburst floods (GLOF), among others, leading to loss and damage. This precipitation in influencing major climate hazards. The results show a significant increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme heat and heavy rainfall events, with some extreme events becoming up to three times more likely due to anthropogenic climate change. To address this and to effectively implement response to loss and damage, the governance system remains important; however, the institutional analysis shows that despite the presence of relatively comprehensive climate-related policies, there is fragmentation and overlapping mandates among national institutions, limitation in data availability and quality, and capacity gaps at multiple levels of governance. For more effective governance responses, the results suggest strengthening climate and weather data systems and instruments, encouraging ex ante physics-based climate attribution studies and enhancing inter-agency coordination that can help Nepal to enhance access to loss and damage finance and eventually expedite implementation of policy and action addressing loss and damage.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1834734</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1834734</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Eco-engineered buoyant flakes as a controlled nutrient-delivery platform: mesocosm evidence for nutrient release and short-term surface carbon-system responses]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Suhas Shetye</author><author>Damodar M. Shenoy</author><author>Anil Pratihary</author><author>Siby Kurian</author><author>Samir Damare</author><author>Mangesh Gauns</author><author>Sidhesh G. Borker</author><author>Adnan Shaikh</author><author>Bhagyashri Naik</author><author>Kuniyil Nandakumar</author><author>Sethu Lakshmi</author><author>Supriya G. Karapurkar</author><author>Anand Methar</author><author>Natasha Barnes</author><author>Uthara Nambiar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Ocean-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategies are increasingly explored to enhance the ocean’s natural capacity to absorb atmospheric CO₂ and mitigate climate change. Among the proposed approaches, ocean fertilization aims to stimulate phytoplankton productivity and, where export is achieved, potentially strengthen the biological carbon pump. However, conventional fertilization techniques involving direct nutrient addition often suffer from rapid nutrient dilution, short residence times in the euphotic zone, and uncertain ecological outcomes. Importantly, short-term biological carbon uptake in surface waters must be distinguished from verified long-term carbon sequestration. In this study, we evaluate a biodegradable nutrient-delivery system—eco-engineered buoyant flakes—designed to release bioavailable micronutrients and silicate within surface waters. Microcosm and mesocosm experiments conducted in the eastern Arabian Sea assessed whether these flakes enhance nutrient availability and produce detectable biological and microbial responses under oligotrophic conditions. Flake additions increased silicate and bioavailable iron concentrations and were associated with modest changes in chlorophyll a, fucoxanthin, phytoplankton abundance, and microbial community composition. These biological responses coincided with increases in pH, reductions in pCO₂, and modest increases in total organic carbon, indicating short-term surface-water carbon uptake rather than verified carbon sequestration. Nitrogen limitation, grazing pressure, turbulence, and the short experimental duration constrained bloom magnitude. This proof-of-concept study therefore demonstrates nutrient-release potential and detectable ecosystem responses, while longer-term, replicated studies are required to quantify carbon export efficiency, ecological impacts, and the true relevance of the proposed CDR method.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1892472</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1892472</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Static–dynamic air pollution exposure differences among primary schoolchildren in Linyi, China]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Wenkang Gao</author><author>Fanhua Kong</author><author>Hao Zhou</author><author>Heming Bai</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Assessing whether residence-based static exposure can represent activity-based exposure is important for refined air pollution exposure assessment, particularly for vulnerable populations such as primary schoolchildren. We quantified static–dynamic exposure differences among primary schoolchildren from 22 primary schools and 138 residential communities and examined their associations with housing price in Luozhuang District, Linyi, China. To support exposure estimation, we developed high-resolution land-use regression (LUR) models integrating dense monitoring observations, road networks, area-of-interest data, and other spatial predictors to generate 100 m × 100 m typical hourly concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3. After incorporating children’s school-time locations, dynamic exposure estimates remained broadly comparable to static estimates but showed systematic pollutant-specific differences. Significant differences were found for NO2, PM2.5, and O3 in both seasons, with small absolute mean differences of 0.04–0.19 μg/m3. Static estimates tended to overestimate exposure to NO2 and O3 but underestimate exposure to PM2.5. Housing-price-stratified analyses suggested relatively smaller static–dynamic exposure differences in low-price communities and a positive housing-price trend for warm-season O3, although no robust linear association was observed overall. These findings suggest that residence-based exposure estimates can broadly approximate primary schoolchildren’s daily exposure, although ignoring school-time locations may introduce small pollutant-specific deviations in refined exposure assessment.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1872705</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1872705</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Geospatial investigation of natural disaster through climatic parameters over the higher Himalayan region: a case study for Dharali Uttarkashi catastrophic event (2025)]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sameer Rawat</author><author>Asha Thapliyal</author><author>Sanjeev Kimothi</author><author>Abhishek Lodh</author><author>Pradeep Kumar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[To evaluate the interdependent role in the regional climate system this study integrates ERA5-Land reanalysed hydrometeorological parameters (Precipitation, Moisture flux, Evapo-transpiration, Temperature, Surface-pressure, Wind, and Sea-level pressure) over the Indian Himalayan region. Long term (for year 1991–2025) Mean and Maximum Precipitation variability has been analysed to show the spatial and temporal aspects of precipitation variability. Spatial analysis showed that mean precipitation is higher in the south and south-central, and lower in north and northeast. Five year averaged seasonal precipitation for January–September months, examined to approach the extreme event and emphasize that precipitation variability is not uniform and is influenced by spatial gradients. The lead–lag regression of precipitation (PPT), moisture fluxes (MF) and evapotranspiration (EVAP) with the first principal component (PC1) techniques are applied. The lead–lag analysis suggested that the precipitation variability is associated with moisture transport and land-atmosphere exchanges, with a transition from weaker to stronger anomalies towards the peak phase (Lag = 0). Temperature anomalies show that the north is cooling (−0.2) and the south is warming (+0.15 to +0.2). The Lanczos band-pass filter has been applied to investigate the precipitation anomalies at specific timescales related to monsoon variability and wind convergence is strong at ±0.25 with a steady inflow of moisture to the southern slopes. Precipitation variability is strongly connected with temperature, pressure gradients, and moisture flow, according to lead–lag regression analysis. In order to identify unusual weather events, a spatial mapping of the monthly average precipitation and precipitation variance spectrum are analysed. Low-frequency (67–100 days) fluctuation predominates, according to frequency analysis, suggesting the impact of sub-seasonal characteristics and intra-seasonal oscillations. It has been demonstrated unequivocally that the topography and monsoon circulation pattern influence the regional variability of precipitation in the higher Himalayan region. Apart from this the study emphasises that the Dharali catastrophe is a cascade of hazards, resulting from the combination of flash floods and landslides triggered by heavy rainfall, due to high precipitation events.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1870126</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1870126</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A climate-environmental quality screening framework for climate mitigation and adaptation portfolios: a review and action roadmap]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Isabella H. Jew</author><author>Jonathan H. Jiang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Climate mitigation and adaptation are often evaluated through carbon metrics, but climate actions also redistribute effects across air, water, soils, ecosystems, public health, and communities. This Review narrows its contribution to a Climate-Environmental Quality (CEQ) screening framework for early-stage climate portfolio design. CEQ is presented as a heuristic decision-support protocol, not as a substitute for life-cycle assessment, environmental impact assessment, integrated assessment modeling, legal consultation, or a validated quantitative index. We synthesize recent evidence on technological decarbonization, nature-based and land-management solutions, governance and finance, and community implementation, while distinguishing high-confidence consensus claims from context-dependent evidence and illustrative examples. The framework classifies interventions as no-regrets, conditional, opportunistic, or avoid/deprioritize by combining climate-benefit confidence, environmental-quality co-benefits or trade-off risk, equity and acceptance sensitivity, and safeguards/MRV readiness. We add explicit calibration guidance, uncertainty rules, and a worked farm-watershed example to show how CEQ can convert broad climate claims into transparent screening judgments. The synthesis supports high confidence for options such as clean power, energy efficiency, and methane abatement when safeguards are credible, while treating BECCS, soil carbon crediting, nitrification inhibitors, wetland restoration, CCS/CCUS, and carbon markets as context-dependent options requiring conservative accounting and local calibration. CEQ is therefore best used as a transparent screening and learning tool that helps decision makers ask whether climate portfolios are not only low-carbon, but also protective of environmental quality and socially durable.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1806407</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1806407</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Beyond awareness: navigating the attitude-behavior gap in climate action among urban Egyptian youth]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Hamed A. Ead</author><author>Moataz S. Abdellah</author><author>Attia M. El-Tantawi</author><author>Eman S. Swelam</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Urban youth in the Global South are critical for climate action, yet barriers to their engagement remain poorly understood. This mixed-methods study of 155 Cairo University students reveals a critical paradox: while a majority demonstrates high climate awareness (50.3% identify human causes; 84.5% deem it a serious threat), this concern fails to translate into action. Our analysis identifies the primary driver of this attitude-behavior gap as a profound crisis of institutional trust. Only 15.4% believe the government is doing enough. This skepticism, compounded by psychological and informational barriers, cripples the perceived efficacy of action. We conclude that in contexts of low trust, strategies must pivot from raising awareness to building collective efficacy through transparent governance and localized communication that empowers youth as agents of change.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1838268</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1838268</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Dual pressures of climate change and wildfire hazard on wine-growing potential in California]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yusuke Hiraga</author><author>Takuya Matsumoto</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study presents an integrated analysis to assess climate change impacts on wine grape cultivation in California by jointly considering spatial suitability, wine quality, and wildfire weather. Species distribution modeling based on MaxEnt algorithm (AUC > 0.93) indicates substantial declines in climatic viticulture suitability across major regions such as Napa and Sonoma, alongside notable increases in northern and coastal areas under high emission scenario in future climate. While many regions show concurrent increases in suitability and extreme fire-weather days, areas such as Mendocino and Monterey exhibit increasing suitability coupled with decreasing extreme fire-weather days, identifying them as comparatively favorable expansion zones. Wine quality projections using a Random Forest classification model (F1 score > 0.94) show that responses to fire-weather conditions differ by variety. In Sonoma, Chardonnay tends to achieve higher quality in years without extreme fire weather but declines in high fire-danger years, whereas Pinot Noir shows the opposite tendency. These contrasting responses suggest that varietal selection will be critical for adaptation under increasing wildfire danger. Overall, the results highlight the importance of integrating disturbance regimes into climate impact assessments for sustainable viticulture.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1836939</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1836939</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Decarbonising UK industrial clusters: the role of green finance and the risk(s) of lock-in]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Guy Finkill</author><author>Clair Gough</author><author>Sarah Mander</author><author>Christopher Jones</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study provides a comprehensive examination of financial flows involved in initiating the low-carbon transition of the UK’s industrial clusters. Green finance assumes a pivotal role in mobilising the capital required to underwrite substantial infrastructural modifications to reach climate commitments. Allocation of proceeds is guided by frameworks which influence the criteria for what constitutes ‘best practice’ in financing low-carbon transitions. The concept of what can be perceived as ‘green’ is influenced by the creation and management of these frameworks. Findings indicate that certain principles lay the basis for finance frameworks representing public and corporate green expenditures. These principles pave the way for the financing of projects such as carbon capture enabled gas-fired power stations and energy-from-waste facilities under the premise of ‘pollution prevention and control’. Such facilities can draw criticism of being non-transformative tools of climate mitigation as they perpetuate forms of lock-in via either consistent levels of waste or continued fossil-gas extraction and are thus lower on the mitigation hierarchy than facilities or policy implementation that deliver deeper emissions reductions. We shed light on how financing frameworks are influencing the boundaries of what is deemed eligible for investment and consequently affecting what is considered ‘green’ from a market perspective. We recommend a green finance system capable of delivering deeper mitigation by strengthening eligibility and exclusion criteria to ensure prioritised projects deliver absolute rather than intensity-based emissions reductions; embedding independent second-party verification across all stages of capital raising and expenditure; and aligning KPIs with verifiable lifecycle emissions benchmarks.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1855755</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1855755</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A BiLSTM-driven framework for operational PM2.5 forecasting: integrating meteorological kinematics for urban air quality management]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Vinayak Gupta</author><author>Yajnaseni Dash</author><author>Ankush Goyal</author><author>Abhishek Lodh</author><author>Vivek Singh</author><author>Ashish Routray</author><author>Pradeep Kumar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The accelerating impact of climate change on meteorological dynamics and air quality across India poses a pressing challenge for urban sustainability and public health resilience. In this study, we present a data-driven AI framework based on Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks to forecast PM₂.₅ concentrations using multivariate environmental data, including temperature, humidity, wind speed, UV index, and particulate matter levels. Comparative analysis with both conventional deep learning models (LSTM, GRU) and statistical baselines (ARIMAX, MLR) demonstrates the BiLSTM’s superior capacity in learning long-range temporal dependencies. Among the evaluated models, the proposed BiLSTM framework achieved the highest predictive performance with an R2 of 0.8113, MAE of 0.2988, and RMSE of 0.4359. Consequently, the model supports not only enhanced predictive accuracy but also operational daily, localized decision-making for air quality management, offering actionable insights for climate-aware urban planning and smart city governance. By integrating advanced AI techniques with high-dimensional environmental datasets, this work underscores the transformative role of computational intelligence in shaping adaptive, evidence-based sustainability strategies for future-ready cities.]]></description>
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