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        <title>Frontiers in Climate | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/climate</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Climate | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-10-24T16:56:09.280+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1984092</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1984092</link>
        <title><![CDATA[From Climate Risk Awareness to Climate-Conscious Investment Behavior: the roles of climate disclosure quality, trust, and greenwashing risk]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>M. Vijayananth</author><author>R. Muthu Sundari</author><author>N. Saravanabhavan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[InroductionThe present study examines the factors influencing climate-conscious investment behavior among middle-income retail investors in six major metropolitan cities in India using the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S–O–R) framework, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and Signaling theory.MethodsData were collected from 576 middle-income retail investors.ResultsThe findings indicate that Climate Risk Awareness and Perceived Climate Disclosure Quality were positively associated with Trust in Climate Disclosures, which was subsequently associated with Climate-Conscious Investment Attitude, Climate-Conscious Investment Intention, and self-reported Climate-Conscious Investment Behavior, with Perceived Greenwashing Risk acting as a moderator.DiscussionThe study advances the field of behavioral climate finance by separating Perceived Climate Disclosure Quality as an information-related stimulus from Climate Risk Awareness as an investor-level cognitive antecedent and demonstrates the interplay of trust, attitude, and intention that leads to climate-conscious investment behavior. The results offer valuable guidance for regulators, corporations and financial institutions aiming to foster the adoption of Climate-Conscious Investment Behavior among urban retail investors.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1970749</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1970749</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Assessment of tropical cyclone vulnerability of coastal communities in Mtwara Municipal Council, Tanzania: a Composite Vulnerability Index approach]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Denis S. Ndenzako</author><author>Noah Makula Pauline</author><author>Joel Nobert</author><author>Catherine Aloyce Masao</author><author>Edmund B. Mabhuye</author><author>Joseph Perfect</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Coastal communities in Mtwara Municipal Council, Tanzania, face increasing tropical cyclone (TC) risk, yet their multidimensional vulnerability has not been quantified. This study assessed TC vulnerability using the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change framework integrating exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity components. Primary data from 100 households selected using randomly generated survey locations across Mtwara Municipal Council were combined with December 2025 remote-sensing and geospatial data. A total of 77 indicators were transformed, normalized, and aggregated within thematic groups to derive the Exposure, Sensitivity, and Adaptive Capacity sub-indices and the Composite Vulnerability Index (CVI). The municipality recorded medium overall vulnerability (CVI = 0.472), comprising high exposure (E = 0.639), medium sensitivity (S = 0.377), and high adaptive capacity (AC = 0.601). The vulnerability profile was characterized by strong physical and socio-cultural exposure and education, employment, and food-security sensitivity, partly moderated by reported climate awareness, information access, and other adaptive-capacity conditions. The findings support municipal land-use planning, early-warning communication, evacuation planning, livelihood diversification, and targeted resilience investment. The municipality-level assessment provides a baseline for disaster management, resilience planning, and emergency preparedness.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1928809</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1928809</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Beyond climate migration: the right to remain and the right to development as complementary frameworks for climate mobility governance in Africa]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Michael Addaney</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionLegal and policy responses to climate mobility remain overwhelmingly oriented toward displacement, relocation and cross-border protection, overlooking the right of people to remain in their homes under conditions of dignity and security. In Africa, where climate mobility is substantially governance-determined, this migration-centered orientation leaves both displaced and immobile populations inadequately protected, and overlooks the potential of the right to development to govern the terms of relocation where movement proves unavoidable.MethodsThe article employs a qualitative doctrinal legal methodology, undertaking close textual analysis of binding and non-binding international, continental and sub-regional instruments, read alongside African Commission and African Court jurisprudence, and triangulated against empirical and policy evidence from the IPCC, IOM, AfDB, UNEP, IDMC and the World Bank.ResultsThe analysis shows that the right to remain and the right to development, though rooted in distinct provisions of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Articles 20, 22 and 24) and the Kampala Convention, function as complementary rather than competing entitlements. The right to remain requires states to invest in anticipatory adaptation, secure land tenure and support community participation, so that migration becomes a matter of genuine choice; the right to development, read through the African Commission and Court’s jurisprudence in Endorois and Ogiek, governs the terms of relocation, requiring participation, livelihood restoration and benefit-sharing where displacement occurs.DiscussionBuilding on this doctrinal synthesis, the article proposes a three-tiered, preventive governance framework spanning prevention, protection and durable solutions, operationalized through concrete indicators and a sequenced set of institutional pathways involving the African Commission, the African Court, the African Union and National Human Rights Institutions. By repositioning development justice at the center of climate mobility governance, the framework offers African states and institutions a doctrinally grounded, rights-based alternative to reactive, migration-centered models, aligned with the Kampala Convention, the Paris Agreement and Agenda 2063, with implications for climate mobility governance beyond the continent.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1969365</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1969365</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Two components underlie the mixed-type El Niño: quantification and future projection]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Lianyi Zhang</author><author>Yan Du</author><author>Chenying Guo</author><author>Yuhong Zhang</author><author>Zesheng Chen</author><author>Wenju Cai</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Frequent strong El Niño events, including the extremes of 2015/16 and 2023/24, have exerted profound global climatic impacts. Unlike canonical Eastern Pacific (EP) and Central Pacific (CP) types, defined by the location of maximum sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, these events exhibit a distinct mixed-type pattern characterized by warming in both regions. However, the respective contributions of the EP and CP patterns to the mixed-type events remain poorly understood. Here, using a binary linear regression based on E- and C-indices associated with the EP and CP patterns, we quantify the contribution of the E- and C-components, and show that strong El Niño events are mostly of the mixed-type. Our results indicate that the C-component is the primary source of ENSO variability, while during strong El Niño events, the average contribution of the E-component increases significantly from 6.4% in moderate events to 46.8%, thereby forming the mixed-type El Niño events. Analyses of 45 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) project that, in a warming climate, the frequency of the strong mixed-type events increases by 33.5%. We emphasize that the mixed-type El Niño is the primary contributor to strong El Niño events, with a proportion far exceeding that of either the EP or CP type. Our method offers a framework for understanding ENSO diversity and its response to climate change.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1904322</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1904322</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Eco-anxiety and perception of environmental threats: case study of Czech adolescents]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Matěj Mičulka</author><author>Markéta Pilná</author><author>Ondrej Gergely</author><author>Martin Kupka</author><author>Miroslav Charvát</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionEco-anxiety is an increasingly important psychological response to the climate crisis, particularly among adolescents, whose developmental stage is characterised by identity formation, emotional change, and future-oriented thinking. This study explored how adolescents experience and interpret eco-anxiety.MethodsThis qualitative case study employed semi-structured interviews with five Czech adolescents aged 15–19 years who reported concerns about climate change. Data were analysed using thematic analysis combining inductive and theory-informed approaches.ResultsFour overarching themes were identified: emotions, threats, social environment, and coping. Participants described a strong connection to nature alongside feelings of sadness, helplessness, anger, frustration, and hope. Climate-related concerns were linked not only to environmental degradation but also to perceived societal indifference, political inaction, and intergenerational responsibility. Experiences of misunderstanding and trivialisation contributed to feelings of isolation, whereas supportive peers and role models served as important protective factors. Coping strategies included seeking social support, spending time in nature, maintaining realistic boundaries regarding personal responsibility, and, in some cases, professional psychological support.DiscussionEco-anxiety in adolescence appears to be a complex and contextually grounded response to climate change. Although it may contribute to distress when accompanied by helplessness and lack of support, it can also promote meaning-making, social connection, and constructive engagement. These findings highlight the importance of understanding adolescent eco-anxiety as a legitimate response to the climate crisis and of supporting young people through social and psychological resources.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1942497</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1942497</link>
        <title><![CDATA[What makes planned adaptation worth engaging with? Multi-rational appraisal and transition risk in Uttarakhand, India]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yamini Yogya</author><author>Hallie Eakin</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Planned adaptation projects channel climate finance to rural communities, yet the pathways connecting intervention design to household participation are often assumed rather than examined. We ask how participating farmers evaluated an externally designed adaptation bundle and what made engagement appear worthwhile on their terms. Drawing on sixteen gender-segregated focus group discussions with farmers who had opted into the project, and interviews with project implementers and agricultural officials, we examine an Adaptation Fund–supported project in Uttarakhand, India. We bring the Model of Private Proactive Adaptation to Climate Change into dialogue with the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to develop a livelihood-embedded, multi-rational framework for analyzing adaptation appraisal. We find that participating farmers evaluated project components through five overlapping rationalities: economic, institutional, labor, social and symbolic, and knowledge. Their appraisals reflected the value of tangible and controllable assets, the fit of project demands with existing responsibilities, the accessibility and credibility of implementing organizations, the social meanings attached to participation, and whether knowledge could be acted upon under existing material and market conditions. Gender differences were most visible in labor appraisal, as women's and men's groups described different patterns of participation and evaluated project demands in relation to different livelihood responsibilities. We further identify perceived transition risk in uptake, understood as the subjective judgement that committing time, labor or resources to an intervention may cause livelihood harm or leave a household exposed before anticipated benefits become secure, actionable or durable. In participants' accounts, compensation during the transition period, intermediate benefits and sustained institutional support made this exposure more manageable and engagement more worthwhile. The framework is diagnostic rather than predictive, showing how appraisal forms part of livelihood decision-making and suggesting why the same intervention may appear worthwhile under some livelihood conditions but not others.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1920404</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1920404</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A bottom-up quantification of greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potential in Kenya's crop and livestock systems]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Lindah Fatuma Kakai</author><author>Noufa Cheerakkollil Konath</author><author>Tek Bahadur Sapkota</author><author>Marc Corbeels</author><author>John Michael Humphries Choptiany</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Accurate quantification of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture is critical for establishing credible baselines, identifying emission hotspots, and prioritizing mitigation strategies. In Kenya, most agricultural emission estimates have relied on nationally aggregated activity data and Tier 1 emission factors, which limit the representation of spatial heterogeneity and management effects. This study employed a spatially explicit bottom-up framework that combines IPCC default and default-derived parameters and emission factors, empirical model-derived approaches, and regionally differentiated livestock parameters, integrating subnational production data, management practices, and emission intensities to generate county-level estimates for major crop and livestock systems. In 2021, total agricultural emissions were estimated at 26.74 Mt CO2e, with livestock accounting for 22.90 Mt CO2e (86%) and crops accounting for 3.83 Mt CO2e (14%). Maize represented the largest share of crop emissions (38.9%), while rice exhibited the highest emissions per unit area (3.6 t CO2e ha−1). Emissions were spatially concentrated, with a small number of counties responsible for a disproportionate share of the national total. Scenario analysis revealed substantial mitigation potential in both sectors. For maize, optimized nitrogen management reduced emissions by 100–140 kg CO2e ha−1, and integrated strategies achieved reductions exceeding 200 kg CO2e ha−1; in rice the corresponding reductions were 279 and 303 kg CO2e ha−1. In cattle systems, to which the livestock mitigation analysis was restricted, fodder-based and residue-based feeding strategies, as well as anaerobic digestion, demonstrated the highest mitigation potentials, with reductions varying across grazing, mixed, and stall-fed systems. Qualitative marginal abatement comparisons suggest that management-based interventions are relatively low-cost and scalable, while integrated or technology-intensive measures achieve greater reductions but require stronger enabling conditions. These results show that spatially explicit bottom-up accounting improves upon nationally aggregated Tier 1 inventories without constituting a complete Tier 2 assessment and provides a stronger basis for prioritizing mitigation pathways.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1975706</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1975706</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Climate shocks, disability, and mathematics learning in sub-Saharan Africa]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Njabulo I. Mkhize</author><author>Bruce Iortile Iormom</author><author>Bolouembeledo Fekumo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Climate shocks already disrupt schooling in sub-Saharan Africa. Children with disabilities, for their part, face deep barriers to enrolment, retention and achievement across the region. A smaller body of work suggests that climate shocks in early childhood may also raise the number of children who become disabled. These three literatures have grown up apart, and none has been tied to the economics of human capital. This review brings together four strands of evidence. They cover climate-related disruption and mathematics achievement, the exclusion of disabled learners from education, early-life climate shocks and disability, and the labour-market returns to numeracy. Using a structured search, the review identified 24 core studies. Five foundational studies were added for theoretical grounding. Across the region, there is no homogeneity in the nature of shocks experienced. While parts of East Africa face drought and floods, the Sahel faces extreme heat and unpredictable rainfall patterns. Southern Africa is exposed to El Niño droughts and tropical cyclones. In the settings studied, mathematics appears more sensitive to lost teaching time than reading. Disabled learners already complete school less often and score lower before any shock occurs. One multi-country study finds that temperature shocks in early childhood raise rates of physical, visual and mental impairment. The search, screened by a single reviewer, identified no study that measures how climate disruption affects the ongoing mathematics learning of children with existing disabilities. This indicates a gap in the identified literature, not proof that no such study exists. This gap may conceal a real but unmeasured economic cost, because numeracy earns higher returns than years of schooling alone. The review proposes a four-stage framework, with one conditional preliminary stage, linking climate exposure, disability, lost instruction, and lifetime earnings, and sets out the data needed to estimate the cost.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1877157</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1877157</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Probabilistic constraints on the zero emissions commitment]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>David Hohn</author><author>Giang Tran</author><author>Makcim De Sisto</author><author>Nadine Mengis</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Estimates of the zero emissions commitment (ZEC) rely on multi-model ensembles that sample structural differences between models but cannot assign probabilities to outcomes. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first observationally constrained perturbed parameter ensemble (PPE) assessment of ZEC with a process-based Earth system model, using ~340 members of the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model across ten emission-rate and carbon-budget combinations following and extending the flat10MIP protocol. The resulting distributions of ZEC, 50 years after emissions cessation, are approximately bell-shaped, with median values between –0.1 and 0.16 °C, and interquartile ranges of 0.06–0.15 °C. We find the parametric uncertainty in this single-model study to be of the same order as, though smaller than, the model structural uncertainty assessed in multi-model intercomparisons, and it therefore should be explicitly accounted for in ZEC50 assessments. Furthermore, we find that the ensemble median differs from the published tuned model configuration, suggesting that single “best-tuned” models may not represent the central estimate of the observationally consistent range. Our PPE indicates that cumulative emissions budget controls the median and the probability of post-cessation warming (11%–94%), while emission rate modulates the spread of outcomes. No individual parameter was found that dominates ZEC.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1890525</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1890525</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Statistical distributions for O₃ and NO₂ in Campo Grande before, during, and after COVID-19: a comparative analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Nofiu Idowu Badmus</author><author>Amaury de Souza</author><author>Vikram Kumar</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The main objective of this study was to identify the probability distributions that best fit ozone (O₃) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations in Campo Grande, Brazil, considering three distinct periods: pre-COVID-19 (2005–2019), COVID-19 (2020), and post-COVID-19 (2021–2025). Monthly concentrations were analyzed using Lognormal, Gamma, Weibull, Log-Logistic, and Gumbel probability distributions. Model performance was evaluated using graphical analyses and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K–S), and Anderson–Darling (A–D) statistics. The extension of the dataset through 2025 provided a broader temporal basis for assessing whether the patterns observed during the pandemic persisted in subsequent years. Mean O₃ concentrations were 260.17 DU, 265.87 DU, and 278.08 DU during the pre-COVID-19, COVID-19, and post-COVID-19 periods, respectively, whereas mean NO₂ concentrations were 2.97 × 1015, 3.11 × 1015, and 3.20 × 1015 molecules/cm2, respectively. The best-fitting probability distribution varied among periods and pollutants. During the post-COVID-19 period, the Weibull distribution showed the strongest overall support for both O₃ and NO₂. Overall, the extended analysis indicates that post-COVID-19 pollutant concentrations did not simply return to pre-pandemic mean levels. However, these temporal differences should not be attributed exclusively to the COVID-19 pandemic because meteorological variability, biomass burning, traffic, industrial emissions, and other factors may also influence atmospheric pollutant concentrations.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1899944</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1899944</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Long-term changes in extreme precipitation and their non-stationary teleconnections with ENSO and PDO over Vietnam (1981–2024)]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Le Van Thien</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study investigates long term spatial trends, interannual variability, and evolving teleconnections of total and extreme precipitation across Vietnam using the climate hazards group InfraRed precipitation with station data (CHIRPS) and 11 expert team on climate change detection and indices (ETCCDI) precipitation indices. The results reveal pronounced regional heterogeneity in precipitation extremes. Statistically significant increases in total annual precipitation (PRCPTOT), rainfall intensity (SDII), and heavy precipitation indices (Rx1day, Rx5day, R95p, R10mm, and R20mm) are concentrated primarily across Central Vietnam, indicating a marked intensification of extreme rainfall in this region. In contrast, northern and southern Vietnam exhibit weaker, spatially heterogeneous, or statistically insignificant trends. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) represents the important large-scale climate mode associated of interannual precipitation variability, while Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) exerts a weaker but regionally important modulation. Significant negative ENSO–precipitation correlations were widespread across central and southern Vietnam, highlighting a coherent relationship between ENSO variability and annual precipitation characteristics. Moving-window correlation analyses demonstrate that ENSO–precipitation teleconnections are non-stationary, strengthening and expanding across central and southern Vietnam after the late-1990s PDO phase transition. These findings demonstrate that Pacific teleconnections influencing Vietnam’s precipitation extremes are both ENSO-related and temporally evolving rather than stationary, providing new evidence for improving seasonal prediction, climate-risk assessment, and adaptation planning under a changing climate.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1983725</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1983725</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Satellite-derived spread dynamics of three-dimensional fire events in Sudan]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Mohamed Merghani M. A.</author><author>Yongli He</author><author>Mohamed Elgamri A. Ibrahim</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Fire is a recurrent, strongly seasonal disturbance across Sudan's savannas, yet aggregate burned-area statistics cannot resolve long-term changes in the expansion of fire events. Here, we identified individual fire events across Sudan from August 2002 to July 2025 by grouping burned MODIS MCD64A1 pixels according to spatial and temporal connectivity criteria. For each event, we calculated the mean areal spread rate as the total burned area divided by event duration (km2 day−1). Sensitivity tests using a Global Fire Atlas reference event indicated that a 3-pixel/3-day connectivity setting balanced fragmentation and excessive merging. Retaining events lasting ≥3 days and burning ≥20 km2 yielded 13,290 events, concentrated in the southern part of Sudan. Across 23 fire seasons, total burned area declined significantly, whereas mean event area showed no significant trend. Median and 10th-percentile areal spread rates each decreased by approximately 9.4% decade−1 (p < 0.001), while the 90th-percentile trend was weaker and non-significant (p = 0.091). K-means clustering revealed two broad propagation types: a more frequent lower-expansion type and a rarer higher-expansion type with greater areal spread rates and displacement. The decline was concentrated in lower-expansion dry-season events, with no significant trends among higher-expansion events or wet-season events. These findings show that fire-event expansion in Sudan has declined selectively rather than uniformly, revealing changes that aggregate burned-area trends alone cannot capture.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.2013432</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.2013432</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Impact of climate change on plantation crops]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>K. Balachandra Hebbar</author><author>S. V. Ramesh</author><author>Somashekhargouda Patil</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1915353</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1915353</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Geopolitical risk, green finance, and corporate environmental performance: evidence from global uncertainty shocks]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Vidura Perera</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe growing importance of sustainable finance has intensified interest in understanding how green finance contributes to corporate environmental performance (CEP). However, prior studies have largely assumed a stable relationship between green finance and environmental outcomes, giving limited attention to the disruptive effects of geopolitical uncertainty. This study examines the effect of green finance on CEP and investigates whether geopolitical risk alters the effectiveness of green finance across different institutional and industrial contexts.MethodsThe study uses a global panel dataset comprising 15,872 firm-year observations across multiple countries and industries. The empirical analysis applies fixed-effects estimation, moderation analysis, System Generalized Method of Moments (System GMM), and panel threshold regression. Industry heterogeneity and governance effects are also examined. In addition, machine learning techniques, including Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Regression Trees (GBRT), XGBoost, and SHAP analysis, are employed to assess predictive performance and identify the relative importance of key determinants of CEP.ResultsThe findings show that green finance significantly improves corporate environmental performance, while geopolitical risk has a significant negative effect on environmental outcomes. The interaction between green finance and geopolitical risk is negative and statistically significant, demonstrating that geopolitical uncertainty weakens the environmental effectiveness of green finance. Panel threshold analysis identifies a critical geopolitical risk threshold of τ = 142.8, beyond which the positive effect of green finance declines substantially. Energy-intensive industries are found to be more vulnerable to geopolitical shocks than non-energy-intensive sectors. Governance quality strengthens the positive environmental effects of green finance and serves as an important resilience mechanism under uncertain conditions. Among the machine learning models, XGBoost achieves the highest predictive accuracy (R2 = 0.72), while SHAP analysis identifies green finance, geopolitical risk, and governance quality as the most influential predictors of CEP.DiscussionThe results demonstrate that the effectiveness of green finance is conditional rather than uniform across geopolitical and institutional environments. The study contributes to the sustainable finance literature by introducing and empirically validating the Geopolitical Adaptive Green Finance Effectiveness Theory (G-AGFET), which proposes that the environmental effectiveness of green finance depends on geopolitical stability, governance quality, and institutional resilience. The findings suggest that policymakers should strengthen governance frameworks and design adaptive green finance mechanisms that remain effective during periods of geopolitical uncertainty. Investors and corporate managers should similarly incorporate geopolitical risk and institutional quality into sustainable investment and environmental strategy decisions.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1931894</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1931894</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Integrating local knowledge into community-led Green coastal adaptation on the northern coast of Demak, Indonesia]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ikrom Mustofa</author><author>Dhandhun Wacano</author><author>Diah Ayu Prawitasari</author><author>Tri Atmaja</author><author>Enggar Yustisi Arini</author><author>Abhishek Tiwary</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionCoastal communities in Indonesia face increasing risks from tidal flooding, land subsidence, sea-level rise, and saltwater intrusion. Although community-based adaptation has received growing attention, there is still limited understanding of how local knowledge can be combined with spatial analysis to guide adaptation planning in rural coastal areas.MethodsThis study examines Timbulsloko Village, Demak Regency, Central Java, using a convergent multi-method approach. Literature review, field observation, interviews, and spatial analysis were integrated to identify major climate risks, existing adaptation practices, and priority areas for intervention. Community knowledge was also used for the interpretation of spatial conditions and the assessment of locally applicable adaptation options.ResultsThe results showed that the coastal risks did not distribute evenly in Timbulsloko area, but the vulnerable areas were concentrated in low-lying settlements, access routes, public facilities, abandoned fishponds and degraded coastal ecosystems. Spatial analysis and the community perspectives were used to identify priority intervention zones and to explore appropriate adaptation strategies. These include mangrove rehabilitation, flood-resistant infrastructure, adaptive agriculture, community-based early warning systems, and improved water-resource management. Their suitability varies according to local environmental conditions, community needs, institutional support, and implementation capacity.DiscussionThe study demonstrates the value of combining local knowledge with spatial evidence in identifying adaptation priorities rather than treating the two sources separately. Stronger coordination among communities, local government, and supporting organizations is needed to improve the implementation and long-term sustainability of coastal adaptation in Timbulsloko and other vulnerable rural coastal areas.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1920892</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1920892</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Climate finance and SME environmental performance: testing adaptive green finance effectiveness theory under FinTech inclusion and policy uncertainty in Sri Lanka]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Vidura Perera</author><author>P. M. C. Thilakerathne</author><author>Wasanthi Madurapperuma</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Green finance has emerged as an important instrument for promoting sustainable development and supporting corporate environmental performance (CEP). However, its effectiveness remains uneven across developing economies, where financial constraints, limited technological capabilities, and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) may constrain firms’ ability to translate green financial resources into environmental outcomes. Despite growing research on green finance, limited empirical evidence explains how technological capabilities, innovation mechanisms, and policy conditions jointly shape its effectiveness, particularly among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries. To address this gap, this study develops and empirically tests the Adaptive Green Finance Effectiveness Theory (AGFET), which conceptualizes green finance effectiveness as a conditional resource-conversion process shaped by technological enabling capabilities, innovation, and the policy environment. Using primary cross-sectional survey data collected from Sri Lankan SMEs operating in the manufacturing and service sectors, the study employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to examine the relationships among green finance, CEP, green innovation, FinTech inclusion, and perceived economic policy uncertainty. The findings reveal a significant positive association between green finance and CEP, both directly and indirectly through green innovation. FinTech inclusion positively moderates the relationship between green finance and CEP, indicating a stronger positive association at higher levels of digital financial inclusion. Conversely, perceived economic policy uncertainty negatively moderates this relationship, indicating that the positive association between green finance and CEP becomes weaker under greater perceived policy uncertainty. Given the cross-sectional and self-reported nature of the data, these findings are interpreted as theory-consistent associations rather than definitive causal effects. Overall, the results provide empirical support for the conditional relationships proposed by AGFET and suggest that green-finance effectiveness varies according to firms’ technological capabilities, innovation mechanisms, and perceived policy conditions. The study contributes to sustainable finance research by advancing a context-dependent explanation of green-finance effectiveness and provides implications for policymakers, financial institutions, and SME managers in developing economies.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1950909</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1950909</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Is physical climate risk priced in India’s financial sector? A monthly index approach, 2014–2024]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>M. K. Maneesha</author><author>N. Saravanabhavan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Floods, cyclones and heatwaves are no longer viewed as humanitarian crises; they also have significant financial implications by affecting borrowers’ ability to repay loans, increasing potential liabilities of insurers and influencing how investors assess and price financial risks. Whether financial markets actually respond to this physical climate risk remains an open question, particularly in emerging economies like India, where climate exposure is high but market-based evidence is scarce. This paper tests whether physical climate risk is reflected in the equity returns of India’s financial services sector, using a new monthly Climate Risk Index (CRI) constructed from disaster data spanning February 2014 to December 2024. Using multiple methods, average effect regression, distribution analysis, structural break test and causality tests, we find no statistically significant relationship between physical climate risk and financial returns. A concentrated effect at the lower-middle quantile of the return distribution does not survive exclusion of a single extreme observation, and a structural break detected around India’s 2022 climate-disclosure reforms is not specific to the climate-risk relationship itself. Financial-sector returns do, however, predict subsequent movements in the Climate Risk Index, suggesting shared exposure to broader economic conditions rather than a reverse-causal effect. These findings do not mean climate risk is unpriced in India’s financial system. They suggest instead that the current aggregate, monthly-level measurement may not be capturing where that pricing occurs. The study contributes a novel India-specific Climate Risk Index and a multi-method framework for testing climate-risk pricing, offering a tool that regulators such as the RBI and SEBI can use to assess whether disclosure mandates are translating into actual market pricing.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1937736</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1937736</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Characterization and regionalization of dry spells across Java-Indonesia using relative frequency and fractional contribution to total duration]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Dinda Rosyia Wibawanty</author><author> Supari</author><author>I Putu Santikayasa</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Dry spells represent an important dimension of rainfall variability because rainfall accumulation alone may not adequately capture the temporal distribution of rainfall and its associated impacts. This study characterizes and regionalizes dry spells across Java, Indonesia, using relative frequency (RF) and fractional contribution to total duration (FCTD). Daily rainfall data from 771 BMKG stations across Java for 2010–2019 were analyzed to characterize dry-spell duration. RF and FCTD were calculated for different dry-spell durations. Principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering were subsequently applied to regionalize dry-spell characteristics. Short-duration dry spells (≤10 days) exhibited the highest RF throughout Java, whereas FCTD revealed pronounced spatial variability. Western Java was characterized by a greater contribution from short-duration dry spells, while eastern Java showed a greater contribution from long-duration dry spells (>10 days). A distinct north–south gradient was also identified, reflecting the influence of local topography, with long-duration dry spells contributing more substantially in northern regions. Dry-spell characteristics closely corresponded to the spatial distribution of mean annual rainfall, with wetter regions dominated by short-duration dry spells and drier regions by long-duration dry spells. Mean annual rainfall showed a moderately strong positive correlation with the FCTD of short-duration dry spells (Pearson’s r = 0.657). Regionalization identified four clusters representing distinct dry-spell regimes across Java. The findings demonstrate that combining RF, FCTD, and multivariate clustering provides a physically meaningful framework for characterizing the spatial variability of dry spells across Java, capturing both the west–east rainfall contrast and the north–south topographic gradient.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1923898</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1923898</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Precipitation isotopes respond to contrasting moisture pathways over the Core Monsoon Zone and the Bay of Bengal]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Supriyo Chakraborty</author><author>Sayali Bhalerao</author><author>Charan Teja Tejavath</author><author>Anant Parekh</author><author>C. Gnanaseelan</author><author>Neha Trivedi</author><author>R. K. Trivedi</author><author>Surendra Pratap Singh</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Precipitation isotopes integrate the cumulative effects of moisture transport, rainout, and land–atmosphere interactions, making them valuable tracers of monsoon hydrological processes. However, the dominant controls on isotope variability differ across the Indian Summer Monsoon region. Motivated by the contrasting long-term evolution of vertically integrated moisture transport over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal (BOB), we compare decade-long precipitation isotope records from the Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ) of India and the BOB to investigate their responses to contrasting moisture transport regimes. The BOB record exhibits a strong relationship between precipitation δ18O and large-scale moisture transport and convergence, consistent with progressive isotopic depletion during moisture advection and rainout. In contrast, isotope variability over the MCZ is controlled primarily by recycled rainfall rather than total precipitation, highlighting the dominant influence of land-atmosphere moisture recycling. Kernel density analyses reveal distinct regional distributions of δ18O, whereas d-excess distributions largely overlap, indicating similar large-scale moisture-source conditions despite contrasting moisture-processing pathways. Together, these findings identify a transition from a moisture-convergence-dominated oceanic isotope regime to a recycling-dominated continental regime. Because precipitation δ18O over the MCZ responds more strongly to recycled rainfall than to primary rainfall, our results suggest that speleothem δ18O records from central India may reflect changes in terrestrial moisture recycling in addition to monsoon rainfall intensity, with implications for how their paleoclimatic interpretation is developed.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1843008</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1843008</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Wetland loss amplifies regional heat exposure: insights from the 2023 Southeast Asia heatwave]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-10-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jacqueline Muthoni Mbugua</author><author>Yusuke Hiraga</author><author>Chang Liu</author><author>Jose Angelo Hokson</author><author>So Kazama</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Wetlands play a crucial role in regulating regional climate through their effects on surface energy balance and evapotranspiration. However, rapid wetland loss in Southeast Asia has raised concerns about its potential to intensify extreme heat exposure during heatwaves. This study investigates the impact of wetland loss on regional temperature and human heat stress during the 2023 heatwave in the Cambodia Lower Mekong Delta (CLMD). Using the WRF model coupled with the Noah-MP land surface scheme, we conducted high-resolution time-lagged ensemble simulations (30 members per scenario) under three land cover scenarios: baseline, historical wetland extent, and current wetland extent, with wetland land-cover properties prescribed and soils initialized at full saturation to represent an idealized upper-bound thermodynamic scenario. Additional simulations were performed using a Pseudo Global Warming (PGW) approach with monthly mean temperature deltas derived from 29 CMIP6 global climate models under SSP2-4.5. Results show ensemble-mean near-surface cooling of 2.9 °C (historical extent) and 2.3 °C (current extent) over wetland-covered areas, with cooling extending beyond wetland boundaries; peak-hour spatial cooling ranges from 1 to 5 °C at the event maximum. Under the temperature-perturbed PGW simulations, similar spatial cooling patterns persist, indicating that the modeled cooling response continues under the applied thermodynamic warming. The combined scenario of climate warming and wetland loss indicates a potential for amplified heat exposure. Although the reduction in simplified Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (sWBGT) under the wetland scenarios was modest (1–2 °C) and did not shift stress categories, it remains relevant in terms of reducing absolute heat exposure. This study underscores the importance of wetlands as a potential heat-mitigation factor against heat extremes and introduces a reproducible sensitivity framework for integrating wetland changes into regional climate modeling. The simulated cooling represents an upper-bound thermodynamic response to the prescribed wetland conditions rather than a direct estimate of the real-world magnitude of cooling caused by historical wetland loss. These findings highlight the potential role of preserving and restoring wetland ecosystems as part of climate adaptation strategies in heat-vulnerable regions.]]></description>
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