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        <title>Frontiers in Climate | Climate Mobility section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/climate/sections/climate-mobility</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Climate Mobility section in the Frontiers in Climate journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-08-14T07:34:00.88+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1875812</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1875812</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Factors influencing community residents’ relocation willingness in extreme climate disaster-prone areas under the context of sustainable development: a case study of Zhanjiang City, China]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Huihui Zuo</author><author>Jian Li</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Against the backdrop of intensifying global climate change, the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme climate events pose a serious threat to the safety of coastal community residents and regional sustainable development. As a key adaptive strategy, the effectiveness of disaster-induced relocation is critically dependent on residents’ willingness to relocate. Based on the Risk-Resilience-Institution (RRI) Synergy Theory, this study takes Zhanjiang City, a typical high-risk coastal city in China, as a case study. Using a stratified random sampling method, a questionnaire survey was conducted, yielding 405 valid responses. A binary Logistic regression model was employed to systematically analyze factors influencing residents’ relocation willingness from the risk dimension (disaster risk perception, disaster psychological trauma, sudden disaster impact, slow-onset disaster stress, disaster risk accumulation), resilience dimension (social capital, place attachment, family structure, coping efficacy, psychological resilience, livelihood dependence, household asset level), and institution dimension (regional development disparity, emergency response mechanism, resettlement and compensation policies, public service connectivity). The results demonstrate that in the risk dimension, disaster risk accumulation, sudden disaster impact, disaster risk perception, and slow-onset disaster stress have significant positive effects on relocation willingness, whereas disaster psychological trauma was not statistically significant. In the resilience dimension, livelihood dependence and place attachment have significant negative effects on relocation willingness, whereas psychological resilience, coping efficacy, and social capital show no significant effects. In the institution dimension, regional development disparity, resettlement and compensation policies, and public service connectivity significantly positively affect relocation willingness, but the emergency response mechanism exhibits a significant negative effect, forming an “institutional trust-induced relocation inhibition paradox.” The model yielded a McFadden R2 of 0.602. The study indicates that under extreme climate disasters, community residents’ relocation willingness is synergistically driven by risk accumulation, structural locking, and institutional incentives, while individual psychological resilience and demographic characteristics have limited explanatory power. Recommendations include establishing a risk accumulation early warning mechanism, implementing a dual strategy of livelihood substitution and community participation, redefining the functional boundaries of emergency response, and constructing a full-chain resettlement policy package centered on relocation destination development expectations.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1812869</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1812869</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Climate adaptation among transnationally connected households in Coastal Havana Province, Cuba]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Chiara Bernasconi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In recent decades, Cuba has experienced intensifying climate and environmental change alongside a deepening socio-economic crisis, which has contributed to new waves of emigration that reinforce already dense transnational connections and networks. While early research on environmental change and mobility often framed migration as a last-resort response and immobility as the result of being unable to leave, more recent scholarship has shown that moving and staying form a broader spectrum of coping and adaptation. Building on relational and translocal approaches to mobility, this article understands coping and adaptation as processes negotiated across households, places, and networks, where mobility and immobility are mutually constituted. The article examines mobility-linked coping and adaptation strategies from the perspective of origin households with transnational connections living in a highly exposed peri-urban coastal village in Havana Province, Cuba. Based on 2 months of qualitative fieldwork with 21 selected households, it develops a typology of coping and adaptation practices and analyzes how these practices unfold through translocal networks. Findings indicate that among sampled households, mobility and transnational connections function as key adaptive resources: remittances support incremental housing reinforcement, self-directed climate-related residential mobility, and emergency responses, while translocal networks circulate information, advice, and affective support. Households who remain in place are active co-producers of resilience. However, mobility cannot substitute for robust in situ adaptation. Access to mobility-driven adaptation resources is uneven, and their effectiveness is constrained by sanctions, inflation, restrictive monetary policies, and the informalization of transfer channels.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1817772</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1817772</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Environmental displacement and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: a systematic review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Iván Vargas-Chaves</author><author>Diego Hernández-Guzmán</author><author>José López-Oliva</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This systematic literature review explores the intersection of environmental displacement and the common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR) principle, focusing on the ethical, legal, and practical dimensions of climate justice. We examine how current frameworks address disproportionate climate impacts on vulnerable populations, particularly in low-income nations, and evaluate obligations arising from historical emissions. Synthesizing research on climate migration, adaptation funding, socio-economic inequalities, and climate litigation, we identify critical gaps, including insufficient intersectional perspectives and inequitable resource allocation. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for stronger institutional mechanisms to enforce CBDR, especially for displaced individuals lacking legal protection. Although climate litigation is increasingly used to hold high-emission actors accountable, its effectiveness remains debated. Ultimately, while CBDR provides a normative foundation for addressing environmental displacement, its current application is fragmented. We conclude that unified international efforts and comprehensive policy frameworks are essential to align fairness and accountability in a warming world.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1663337</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1663337</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Bridging international and regional climate mobility frameworks with local realities: an investigation of Ghana’s governance of mobility as adaptation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Kwabena Frimpong Nyarko</author><author>Sonja Wanke</author><author>Laura Basco-Carrera</author><author>Erin McFee</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Climate mobility is increasingly recognized as a legitimate adaptation strategy, yet there is limited understanding of how international and regional frameworks are translated into national and local governance practices to address it. This study examines Ghana’s engagement with frameworks such as the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and Global Compact on Refugees, the Sendai Framework, the Kampala Convention, and regional free movement protocols in governing climate mobility. Using qualitative policy analysis and interviews with affected communities, government and international organizations, the research reveals that despite formal adoption of progressive frameworks, implementation remains largely reactive. Sedentary bias, local contestation, performative policy commitments, and competing priorities limit anticipatory planning and constrain mobility as an adaptive strategy. At the same time, the analysis challenges simplistic reactive–proactive binaries by revealing hybrid governance arrangements that combine short-term crisis response with limited anticipatory elements. The paper argues that restricting or failing to proactively govern mobility does not prevent movement but often renders it more precarious. Finally, it underscores the need for integrated, participatory, and mobility-aware approaches to climate change adaptation governance that move beyond rhetorical commitments toward meaningful, context-sensitive action.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1758587</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1758587</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Assessing local governments’ preparedness and willingness to welcome climate and disaster-displaced populations]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Jared Enriquez</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Environmental hazards and climate change are displacing millions of people globally. Many regions and cities have, or will soon become, the frontline recipient destinations for domestic and foreign climate migrants, but how well prepared are local governments for resettling newcomers, and what factors determine when local communities are willing to welcome displaced residents? This paper reviews how local governments in the United States seek to actualize effective and equitable climate resettlement through the proposal of a community-led, inclusive receiving community framework. The framework identifies how the interrelationships between government, market, and community actors co-determine the preparedness and willingness of local governments to expand programs, plans, and initiatives for resettling diverse climate and disaster-displaced populations. The framework validates how equity and inclusion require deliberative logics of care and establishing strategic goals for mutual opportunity in climate destinations. Finally, this perspective proposes that local governments develop and complete an absorptive capacity impact assessment to help estimate the volume and types of climate migrants the community can receive over time and support community-led planning processes.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1639059</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1639059</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Anti-racist reorientations to land through gardening with newcomer youth of color]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Riann Lognon</author><author>Chetna Khandelwal</author><author>Megha Sanyal</author><author>Santanu Dutta</author><author>Pallavi Banerjee</author><author>Pratim Sengupta</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Our paper seeks to dis/orient normative scholarship on climate migration and climate refugees that reify misleading claims about the relationship between mass migration and climate change, which have been shown to further marginalization of people from the Global South. We orient our attention to a topic that has received considerably less attention in the literature on critical environmental studies: how newcomer (refugee) youth of color (re)establish relationships with more-than-human life, land, air, and water in their newly adopted home in the Global North. Drawing from a three-year-long, community gardening project co-created with the youth, we offer a qualitative analysis of the youths’ participatory, embodied, and discursive work over the first 2 years of creating and caring for the community garden. From a pragmatic perspective, our work arises from the concern that families and youth of color in North America are intersectionally disadvantaged in terms of accessing city resources and public spaces during their resettlement, as noted by critical sociologists of race, migration and gender. Our study reveals how the youths’ participation was centered in the garden through adopting an anti-racist praxis, while also offering an expansive vision of how race and climate are implicated in migration.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1706771</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1706771</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correction: Exposure to climate risks and youth engagement with climate change]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Max Blessman</author><author>Kristin F. Hurst</author><author>Christopher J. Nelson</author><author>Ross J. Toedte</author><author>Jennifer D. Tyrell</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1701971</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1701971</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correction: Perspectives on climate change and adaptation in Fijian villages contemplating relocation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Frontiers Production Office </author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1704343</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1704343</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Climate mobility modeling: methodological advances and future prospects]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Andrea Milan</author><author>Gabriele Standardi</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1657820</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1657820</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Exposure to climate risks and youth engagement with climate change]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Max Blessman</author><author>Kristin F. Hurst</author><author>Christopher J. Nelson</author><author>Ross J. Toedte</author><author>Jennifer D. Tyrell</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Effectively mitigating and adapting to the effects of climate change over the coming decades will require the active engagement of today’s youth. This research adds to a growing body of work focused on youth climate change engagement by testing whether physical exposure to climate risks influences middle school and high school students’ intentions to engage in pro-climate behaviors above and beyond several previously identified social and psychological variables. A total of 222 middle and high school students across 11 states were surveyed to measure cognitive, social, and demographic factors known to influence pro-climate behavior. We combined this survey data with data from a national assessment of climate risks and conducted a hierarchical regression model predicting intentions to engage in pro-climate behaviors. Physical exposure to climate risks was not a significant predictor in our model. Rather, we found that the only significant predictors of behavioral intentions were perceived risks of climate change and frequency of discussions with friends and family. Since the size and geographic distribution of our sample was limited, future research is needed to build on these findings and the role youth may play in mitigating climate change.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1579299</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1579299</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Perspectives on climate change and adaptation in Fijian villages contemplating relocation]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Yuki Yoshida</author><author>Giles B. Sioen</author><author>Gauna Metuisela</author><author>Richard Crichton</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Planned relocation is increasingly recognized as a necessary response to escalating climate risks, yet little is known about how such decisions unfold at the community level. Drawing on dialogs and field visits at seven iTaukei (Indigenous Fijian) villages across Fiji, this report examines how communities are experiencing and responding to climate-related challenges. Findings reveal cascading impacts—including flooding, land loss, disrupted livelihoods, and psychological stress—that have prompted a range of adaptation strategies, from in-situ adjustments to full or partial relocation, with mixed outcomes. Despite growing pressures, most communities expressed a strong, culturally grounded preference to remain in place. Challenges in reaching consensus and securing funding reflect the complexity of relocation processes. Moreover, traditional governance structures do not always ensure equal participation, highlighting the importance of attending to intra-community dynamics. To minimize loss and damage while ensuring agency and resilience of frontline communities, climate mobility frameworks will need to support anticipatory planning, uphold community agency, and recognize immobility as a legitimate and often preferred option.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1603446</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1603446</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A fair-for-all perspective for climate migrants and destinations]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Buket Cilali</author><author>Kash Barker</author><author>Andrés D. González</author><author>Chie Noyori-Corbett</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Climate change is already upon us. Millions of people are expected to be displaced due to the severe and slow-onset impacts. These displacements will lead to large-scale movements from high-risk and less resilient areas to safer or more resilient areas, creating a relocation problem: where people should go and when. This complex problem involves factors such as the source and extent of relocation demand, identification and capacity of destinations, movements from origins to destinations, and the well-being and dignity of both the displaced and receiving communities. We intend to solve the resulting relocation problem at different levels, starting with high-level decisions about which destinations to choose and how many people to send there. This will facilitate early preparations, such as infrastructure and service planning, at these destinations, ensuring timely action without delays. But in such a complicated problem, what could be the measure of the success of certain relocation decisions compared to others? We consider it requisite that the level of social integration at the destination locations and the fairness of the flow decisions are pivotal to a successful relocation plan and should be thoroughly analyzed. The moral imperative of fairness in these decisions cannot be overstated. That is why our study focuses on the fairness of movements within the context of a relocation problem: how many people from each origin should go to each climate destination in a way that is fair for both climate migrants and receiving communities. To this end, we formulate an optimization model such that the objectives and constraints reflect the key aspects of the relocation problem to assign the number of people to be relocated from each origin to each destination. The model incorporates multiple fairness metrics into objectives representing the perspectives of different stakeholders. These metrics are then analyzed and compared to evaluate trade-offs in the results.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1510802</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1510802</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Retreat in real time—Nantucket’s balancing act along a changing coast]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-07-29T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Community Case Study</category>
        <author>Devon J. McKaye</author><author>Vincent Murphy</author><author>Leah Hill</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Nantucket, an island about 30 miles off the coast of Massachusetts, has long embraced retreat in response to coastal hazards. This community case study examines how Nantucket is enhancing its resilience by adapting to increasing coastal storms, erosion, and sea level rise through strategic retreat and relocation. Nantucketers have historically moved structures such as lighthouses and homes away from the coastline, but the increasing frequency and intensity of storms demand more comprehensive and adaptable solutions. Through resilience planning and policy efforts, the Town of Nantucket is addressing these challenges by balancing short- and long-term objectives, public and private interests, and equity considerations. Lessons learned from Nantucket’s experiences are applicable to other communities facing similar coastal risks, highlighting the importance of strategic planning, community support, and capacity building for effective retreat and relocation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1530483</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1530483</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Reconciliation or restoration? The ecological futures of floodplain buyout sites]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-07-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jamie Vanucchi</author><author>Linda Shi</author><author>Carri Hulet</author>
        <description><![CDATA[What happens to floodplain buyout sites after demolition of structures? Does ecological restoration or reconciliation of the floodplain occur? By what criteria should we assess what is on the site? Under what conditions do government programs promote more ecologically dynamic land management? We explore these questions in the context of four exemplary buyout programs in the United States that implement relocation out of flood risk zones through buyouts: Austin’s Watershed Protection Department, Texas; Harris County Flood Control District, Texas; Charlotte-Mecklenburg’s Stormwater Services, North Carolina; and Washington State’s Floodplains by Design. The analysis draws on staff interviews and GIS mapping, satellite imagery for 3,416 buyout parcels spanning 2,811 acres, and selected field verification. We test a framework for assessing buyouts that includes both pre- and post-buyout considerations as indicators along a spectrum from reconciliation to restoration. Our findings show that the status of most buyout parcels is “in-waiting,” as land management practices evolve to decide on their long-term use. Federal buyout requirements prevent redevelopment, but it is local and state priorities, goals, capacities, partnerships and levels of community engagement that shape land management outcomes and long-term human-nature relations. While the reconciliation-restoration debate often pits social against ecological goals, we find that they are mutually reinforcing, and that deep community engagement yields better outcomes overall. Floodplains are high value landscapes and should be prioritized for repair. State and federal governments can help achieve greater ecological and social outcomes from buyout sites by issuing more explicit guidance, technical assistance, and funding support to achieve these aims.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1514456</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1514456</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Evaluating pre-disaster subsidized relocations in coastal Louisiana via a game-theoretic approach]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-07-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Fangyuan Li</author><author>Pragathi Jha</author><author>David R. Johnson</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Coastal communities face increasing flood risks due to sea level rise and climate change, necessitating more proactive risk reduction strategies. Pre-disaster relocations, supported by government subsidies, offer a potentially cost-effective solution, enabling at-risk homeowners to relocate before catastrophic losses occur. This study estimates the potential effectiveness and equity implications of two pre-disaster relocation strategies using an optimization framework and high-resolution flood risk and structural data from Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. Our findings indicate that a total investment of about $8 billion US in pre-disaster relocations could achieve approximately $0.5 billion in flood risk reduction annually over the next 50 years, with greater benefits in later years corresponding to increasing hazard as sea levels rise. Subsidies are allocated proportionally to flood risk, ensuring procedural fairness, though potential distributional inequities remain. While pre-disaster relocation strategies improve cost-effectiveness and risk mitigation, they do not fully resolve barriers to relocation, including housing affordability, community attachment, and structural inequities in flood exposure. This study provides quantitative insights into relocation feasibility and trade-offs, informing future research on adaptive relocation strategies and equity-focused flood mitigation policies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1465223</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1465223</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Refugees and host communities’ vulnerability to climate and disaster risks in Rwanda]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-06-26T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Nfamara K. Dampha</author><author>Colette Salemi</author><author>Stephen Polasky</author><author>Amare Gebre Egziabher</author><author>Wendy Rappeport</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Climate change hazards pose significant risks to vulnerable populations, particularly refugees residing in camps within environmentally sensitive areas. This study assesses climate and disaster risks in refugee-hosting districts in Rwanda using GIS-based risk mapping, decision science tools (AHP), remote sensing, and econometric analysis. The findings reveal spatial variability in hazard exposure across camps, with Mahama and Mugombwa refugee camps experiencing the highest flood risks, while Gihembe, Kiziba, and Kigeme camps are most susceptible to landslides. Between 2013 and 2021, landslides resulted in the damage of 324 hectares of cropland in Gihembe district and caused 110 fatalities in Kiziba’s district in 2016 alone. The study also finds that Mahama camp is highly vulnerable to drought, reflecting national data indicating that 4.2 million Rwandans were affected by droughts between 1974 and 2018. In addition, Kiziba camp exhibits severe soil erosion, with up to 19 million tons of annual soil loss in its watershed area. This erosion, exacerbated by deforestation due to firewood harvesting and construction material collection, weakens slope stability, intensifying landslide risks and increasing sediment transport into local water sources, thereby impacting water quality. Our results support recent disaster management decisions by the Government of Rwanda and UNHCR, including the closure of Gihembe camp in 2021 due to landslide risks and the relocation of vulnerable populations from Kigeme camp due to erosion-induced ravine formation. While these interventions reduce immediate risks, continued efforts are needed to enhance camp resilience, strengthen early warning systems, and integrate nature-based solutions into long-term disaster risk management.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1521507</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1521507</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Feature importance of climate vulnerability indicators with gradient boosting across five global cities]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-06-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Lidia Cano Pecharroman</author><author>Melissa Oberon Tier</author><author>Elke U. Weber</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Efforts are needed to better identify and measure both communities’ exposure to climate hazards and the social vulnerabilities that interact with these hazards, but the science of validating climate risk indicators is still in its infancy. Progress is needed to improve: (1) the selection of variables that are used as proxies to represent hazard exposure and vulnerability; (2) the applicability and scale for which these indicators are intended, including their suitability for transnational comparisons. We draw on an international urban survey in Buenos Aires, Argentina; Johannesburg, South Africa; London, United Kingdom; New York City, United States; and Seoul, South Korea that collected data on: exposure to various types of extreme weather events, socioeconomic characteristics commonly used as proxies for vulnerability (i.e., income, education level, gender, and age), and additional characteristics not often included in existing composite indices (i.e., Queer identity, disability identity, non-dominant primary language, and self-perceptions of both discrimination and vulnerability to climate hazard risk). We use feature importance analysis with gradient-boosted decision trees to measure the importance that these variables have in predicting exposure to various types of extreme weather events. Our results show that non-traditional variables were more relevant to self-reported exposure to extreme weather events than traditionally employed variables such as income or age. Furthermore, differences in variable relevance across different types of hazards and across urban contexts suggest that vulnerability indicators need to be fit to context and should not be used in a one-size-fits-all fashion.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1584877</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1584877</link>
        <title><![CDATA[When boundaries are blurred: infrastructure needs in support of the climate displaced]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-05-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Kelsea Best</author><author>Deb Niemeier</author><author>Jennifer Hadden</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Interactions between climate change and human displacement are complex, yet it is clear that climate change has and will continue to alter patterns of mobility. This is true for both trans-border displacement and internal displacement within country borders. Very little attention has been given to the infrastructure needed to support the climate displaced during their journey as well as in communities where they may pause or settle. In contrast to the climate displaced, reasons for refugee flight can range from deprivation, poverty, war, or disasters, and the statutory definition of refugee entitles them to the protection and assistance of the United Nations. This definition does not currently apply to those who move or are displaced because of climate change, though their displacement is no less perilous or traumatic than those protected under the UN Refugee Convention. Regardless of the legal status, engineers are largely absent from conversations about how to support and protect those undergoing displacement from climate change. In this paper, we draw on the general literature of forced displacement and the existing legal processes for refugees to explore the stages in climate-related displacement. We propose a framework for understanding the basic infrastructure needs during four phases: initiation, mobilization, pause and settle. We identify critical infrastructure to support the climate displaced for each of these phases, calling out those aspects of the displacement process in which greater understanding of how engineers can contribute to protection of human rights is needed.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1570995</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1570995</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The magnitude of climate change-induced migration: an overview of projections and a case for attribution]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-05-19T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Jacob Schewe</author><author>Robert Beyer</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Many studies now provide evidence of weather and climate effects on human migration, but only few have attempted to project the impact of future climate change, or attribute the impact of past climate change, on global migration patterns. Here we compare the existing projections, and find that for international migration from African countries, they differ by about two orders of magnitude, while for internal migration even the sign is uncertain. None of the various models used have been shown to explain historical migration changes, limiting the confidence one may have in their projections. We then discuss prospects for two types of models. Econometric models have been used to identify the marginal effects of climate on migration. Their utility for projections is limited, but they may lend themselves to specific questions of attributing current migration patterns to climate change, which has rarely been done so far. On the other hand, models of total migration can better account for the complex dynamics likely important for long-term projections, but constraining them is a challenge given the current understanding of these dynamics. Improvements may come from closer investigation of potential nonlinearities in the response to increasingly extreme climatic conditions.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1567481</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2025.1567481</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Projecting climate migration in Bangladesh using agent based modeling and climate data]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-05-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Orla O'Neill</author><author>Guus J. M. Velders</author><author>Bishawjit Mallick</author><author>Kelsea Best</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThere is fear that climate change will lead to the displacement of millions of people in the next 100 years. This has led to increased academic interest in estimating the trends of climate-related migration. Bangladesh is particularly vulnerable to climate change and is very likely to experience mass climate migration before the end of the century. Efforts have been made to forecast this climate migration using agent based modeling. Less attention has been paid to how the physical climate is represented in these models.MethodsWe address this gap, by developing an agent based model which takes dynamic climate input from climate models, i.e. data on temperature, precipitation and wind speed. It translates climate scenario data from the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) into a likelihood that a region in Bangladesh will experience extreme weather (heatwaves, floods, and cyclones) and finds the possible migration outcomes. It can run on an upazila level, the smallest administrative division in Bangladesh.ResultsThe model shows that there will be an accumulative number of over 22 million internal climate migrants in Bangladesh by 2050, with most of the migrants originating from the center of the country and migrating to other upazilas in the center and the southeast.DiscussionThe inclusion of different types of extreme weather events is used to try to project the spatial movement of migrants. The projected number of migrants found is much greater than other studies in this area, but the locations that they move between remains the same.]]></description>
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