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        <title>Frontiers in Cognition | Perception section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cognition/sections/perception</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Perception section in the Frontiers in Cognition journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-08-09T22:41:01.160+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1827978</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1827978</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Dyadic interaction enhances sensitivity and shifts decision criterion in a change detection task]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Tatsuru Kawachi</author><author>Yousuke Kawachi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionCan two-person decision-making change performance in detecting a change in the scene? Observers sometimes fail to detect visual changes that occur during a coincident visual transient or other disruption, a phenomenon known as change blindness. Although change blindness has been extensively studied, relatively little is known about whether collaborative decision-making can reduce such failures. Research on collective decision-making suggests that dyads make more accurate judgments than individuals, and recent findings show that they also adopt a more liberal decision criterion. This study examined whether dyads exhibit differences in sensitivity and decision criteria in a change detection task.MethodsParticipants in a dyad judged individually and collectively whether the pair of flickering images contained a change. We also conducted a follow-up independent repeated decision-making experiment, in which individuals responded twice with a period of time between two judgments, to confirm whether the second judgment without social input differed from the first judgment.ResultsResults from the dyadic decision-making experiment showed that dyads demonstrated enhanced sensitivity to detect changes and were more likely to respond “change present” than better individuals, suggesting the dyadic decisions were not simply based on the judgment of the more sensitive member. Results from the follow-up experiment supported the effect of dyadic decision-making by indicating no difference in sensitivity and decision criterion between first and second judgments.DiscussionThese findings suggest that dyadic decision-making may help reduce the failure of change detection by improving sensitivity and shifting the decision criterion to minimize missed detections.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1824836</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1824836</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Age and generational differences in anthropomorphism and trust in large language models]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Michelle Cohn</author><author>Mahima Pushkarna</author><author>Mark Díaz</author><author>Joscelin Cooper</author><author>Gbolahan O. Olanubi</author><author>Joseph M. Moran</author><author>Zion Mengesha</author><author>Courtney Heldreth</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionAs large language models (LLMs) increasingly mediate everyday information seeking, a fundamental question emerges: do people conceptualize these systems as social agents, and does this tendency vary by age?MethodsWe investigated how individuals anthropomorphize and trust a pseudo-LLM, examining English-speaking adults from the United States (n = 1,485) across four generations: Gen Z (age 18–26), Millennials (age 27–42), Gen X (age 43–57), and Baby Boomers (age 58–77). We experimentally manipulated anthropomorphic cues (text versus text+speech; first-person “I” versus third-person “the system” framing).ResultsAge and generational differences were observed: Gen Z (the youngest age group) showed consistently lower anthropomorphism, reduced trust ratings of the system, and lower ratings of accuracy for responses generated by the LLM. Anthropomorphic voice cues increased perceived human-likeness and accuracy uniformly across age groups. Qualitative analyses further revealed age and generational differences in how participants conceptualized the system.DiscussionTogether, these findings suggest that age and generational differences shape how people attribute mind and agency to artificial systems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1815906</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1815906</link>
        <title><![CDATA[When less is more: single selfhood-related cues elicit higher selfhood ratings than multiple cues]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jan Pohl</author><author>Kristina Nikolovska</author><author>Francesco Maurelli</author><author>Arvid Kappas</author><author>Bernhard Hommel</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionIn everyday social cognition, people reliably tend to anthropomorphize non-human agents or ascribe to them features associated with selfhood. In prior research, we showed that individuals often (over-)generalize from a single behavioral indicator of selfhood, such as learning ability or attentional sharing, to the assumption that other, unobserved indicators of selfhood are also present. This suggests that even minimal cues may be sufficient to activate a broader selfhood concept and its associated implications.MethodHere, we tested the prediction that single selfhood cues are as effective as multiple selfhood cues in eliciting selfhood- attributions to an artificial agent. In three experiments, we compared selfhood ratings for a robot exhibiting behavioral cues of efficiency, learning sensitivity, and equifinality with ratings for a robot exhibiting only one of these cues.ResultsContrary to our expectations, participants did not attribute the same degree of selfhood to both robots. They attributed more selfhood to the single-cue robot in Experiments 1 (single efficiency cue) and 3 (single equifinality cue), whereas in Experiment 2 (single learning cue), the multiple-cue robot received higher ratings on the manipulated characteristics as well as on context sensitivity (results for selfhood-attribution were negligible).DiscussionIn sum, we conclude that a single selfhood cue tends to elicit stronger selfhood-attributions overall than multiple cues. We discuss this finding in relation to the literature on cognitive bootstrapping (i.e., developing new and complex knowledge from a limited starting set), concluding that consistently applying a single skill to an apparent problem may reflect more human-like behavior.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1810330</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1810330</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Coordination dynamics in singing with human and artificial partners: the role of visual information]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Rina Nishiyama</author><author>Tetsushi Nonaka</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThis study examined whether coordination dynamics in singing differ when a person sings along with a human partner vs. an artificial partner generated by voice synthesis software (VOCALOID 6). We further investigated how the presence or absence of visual information shapes these coordination patterns.MethodsThirteen female participants sang a chorus excerpt of Silent Night in unison with a partner heard through earphones. The task crossed two partner types (a human singer and an artificial VOCALOID 6 singer) with two visual conditions (with and without partner video). Artificial-partner videos were created using an AI video platform (Hedra Character 3) that combined the artificial partner's synthesized voice with a still image of the human partner. Coordination was assessed through cross-correlation and Granger causality analyses of vocal amplitude envelopes, evaluated using linear mixed-effects models.ResultsSinging with a human partner elicited stronger anticipatory synchronization and greater similarity in amplitude envelopes than singing with an artificial partner. With the human partner, participants tended to sing slightly ahead of their partner, indicative of anticipatory coordination. Notably, this tendency was further strengthened when visual information was available.DiscussionThese findings indicate that the temporal variability of the human singing voice, together with the fine-grained bodily movements characteristic of naturalistic vocal production, provides perceptual information that supports anticipation and synchronization in joint singing.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1786256</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1786256</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Humanlikeness as design, anthropomorphism as inference: a conceptual framework for human–robot interaction]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Elizabeth K. Phillips</author><author>Ewart J. de Visser</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Humanlike robots are increasingly deployed in public and private settings, yet research and design efforts are hindered by persistent conceptual conflation between robots' humanlikeness and individuals' anthropomorphism, as well as by a hyperfocus on appearance-based definitions. This paper distinguishes humanlikeness as a multidimensional design property–the extent to which the design of an agent intentionally mimics human characteristics, traits, processes, or behaviors—from anthropomorphism as a psychological attribution process in which people ascribe human properties to non-human agents. We argue that treating these constructs as analytically distinct, while recognizing their reciprocal and dynamic interaction over time, enables more precise theorizing, clearer operationalization, and more actionable design guidance. To support cumulative interdisciplinary work, we situate both constructs within an integrated framework that organizes adjacent constructs (e.g., humanness, machinelikeness, animism, personification, and dehumanization) and provide curated measurement resources to facilitate principled study design and evaluation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1806052</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1806052</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Psychophysiological effects of low-frequency sound mediated by room size, room shape, and stimulus duration]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Paul Oomen</author><author>Rona Geffen</author><author>Daniela Gentile</author><author>Nour Atassi</author><author>Bashar Farran</author><author>Christoph Braun</author><author>Veronica Cuevas Villanueva</author><author>Luka Nadiradze</author><author>Máté Csanád</author><author>Amira Val Baker</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Music and sounds elicit a wide range of emotions and activate numerous psychological and physiological effects associated with the functioning of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and involved in the maintenance of homeostasis. As such, sound interventions can play an important role in supporting human wellbeing and improve outcomes in medical patients. Psychophysiological responses are dependent on the stimulus type, frequency, duration, and spatial conditions of the acoustic environment. To arrive at a more articulate understanding of these dependencies, the effects of singing bowl sounds at 40 Hz, 73 Hz, and 110 Hz were investigated by monitoring physiological, behavioral and emotional responses in healthy adult subjects (n = 59). Singing bowl sounds were spatially projected in three virtual room sizes (small, medium, large) and eight virtual room shapes (pyramid, tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, icosahedron, cuboctahedron, and sphere). Overall, exposure to low-frequency singing bowl sounds resulted in a significant increase in positive emotions and a significant decrease in negative emotions across all conditions. Contrary to other studies, we found no discrete effects related to the stimulus type or frequency. Significant differences in electroencephalography (EEG), heart rate variability (HRV) and electromyography (EMG) were consistently dependent on a combination of stimulus frequency and spatial condition, i.e. the resonance of a sound in a room with a particular size and shape. Significant differences in localized EEG power were strongly correlated to localized amplitude deviations of sound waves, while the phase shift of sound wave frequency was predictive of EEG frequency. Significant differences in HR and EMG were strongly correlated to the mean, variability and standard deviation of phase distortions of sound waves. Discrete effects of room shape were observed in galvanic skin response (GSR). Arousal was significantly decreased in a cube and cubeoctahedron, regardless of the frequency. Discrete effects of stimulus duration were observed in GSR and EMG. Arousal was significantly increased during the first 15 min of exposure and significantly decreased until 40 min, regardless of the frequency and spatial condition. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research and therapeutic practices.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1638501</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2026.1638501</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Gender identity impacts the perception of vocal congruence]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Chiara De Livio</author><author>Claudia Mazzuca</author><author>Chiara Fini</author><author>Anna M. Borghi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study investigated vocal congruence, i.e., the alignment between self-voice perception and the sense of identity, across cisgender and transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) participants (N = 44) in three conditions: Silent Reading, Reading Aloud, and Listening to recorded speech. Results revealed that TGNC participants reported significantly lower vocal congruence than cisgender participants across all experimental conditions, with the starkest difference in conditions where auditory feedback was present. This experience of incongruence appears to be modulated by interoceptive sensibility and alexithymia, with TGNC individuals reporting lower interoceptive trust and higher levels of alexithymia. Emotional awareness was positively linked to inner-voice congruence in the TGNC group. Additionally, aspects related to gender-minority stress predicted lower congruence. These findings highlight the complex interplay between gender identity, interoception, emotion regulation strategies, and voice perception.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1689600</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1689600</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Bi-temporal processing in music notation reading: a theory linking prediction, memory, and automaticity]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Hypothesis and Theory</category>
        <author>Karen L. Heath</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Reading music notation requires musicians to extract and interpret visual information in real time while simultaneously anticipating future performance actions. This dual engagement, in which one acts in the present while processing material to be performed in the future, suggests that music reading relies on a bi-temporal cognitive architecture. Grounded in this premise, this theoretical paper develops a model that integrates Hebbian learning and automaticity as core mechanisms supporting the simultaneous perceptual and anticipatory demands of notation-based music performance. A systematic review of neuroimaging studies involving music-reading tasks was conducted to evaluate current evidence on the neural correlates of notation processing. The results of the review showed that music reading engaged distributed cortical and subcortical networks, including regions commonly implicated in text reading, and recruited auditory-motor integration systems essential for music performance. However, most studies isolated single parameters of notation (e.g., pitch identification), thereby limiting ecological validity and constraining interpretations of how musicians process in real-world contexts that require concurrent multi-parameter integration. Complementary research on cognitive prediction, sensorimotor coupling, and perceptual-motor learning demonstrates that musicians employ a dual-pathway system of immediate perception and forward prediction, shaped by Hebbian synaptic strengthening and the development of automaticity through repeated procedural engagement. Synthesizing these findings, this article proposes a bi-temporal cognitive model of music-notation processing that accounts for dynamic interplay between associative learning, predictive processing, and automated motor execution. The implications of this model for cognitive theory and music pedagogy are discussed, with recommendations for empirical approaches to test the bi-temporal framework and advance understanding of real-time cognitive coordination in music performance.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1750627</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1750627</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Detrimental effects of hypoxia on brain and cognitive functions]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-19T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Alberto Zani</author><author>Stephanie Otto</author><author>Terry McMorris</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1715617</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1715617</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The role of top-down and bottom-up factors in parafoveal reading]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Valentina Bandiera</author><author>Silvia Primativo</author><author>Roberta Daini</author><author>Marialuisa Martelli</author><author>Lisa S. Arduino</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Recently we have shown that, while reading two words presented simultaneously, one in the fovea and one in the parafovea, participants are more accurate and faster when the two words are semantically related. The present study confirmed and supported the previous results by using the same Rapid Parallel Visual Presentation Paradigm (RPVP) and by changing the relative proportions of unrelated vs. semantically related word pairs. Indeed, differently from other studies where semantically unrelated and related word pairs were equally represented (50% each), in the present study only 30% of word pairs were semantically related. Results showed again an advantage when the two words were semantically related and we interpreted these findings in terms of automaticity between lexical/sublexical units processing and semantic access.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1439439</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1439439</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Learning and teaching of fluent musical note recognition: the visual perceptual perspective]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Yetta Kwailing Wong</author><author>Jiaqi Fion Fang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Musical notation enables communications between composers, performers, music learners and music lovers. However, learning and teaching of fluent musical note recognition is often thought to be highly challenging. This paper aimed to summarize the current understanding of development of musical note recognition, explain its pedagogical bottleneck, and propose a pedagogical tool to address this problem. Review of the psychology and neuroscience literature identified eight psychological factors associated with fluent recognition of musical notes at both behavioral and neural levels. Many of the identified factors involve specialized visual perceptual mechanisms that are automatic, implicit and without conscious effort. Since classroom teaching heavily relies on verbal explanation, which cannot efficiently address these visual perceptual mechanisms, musical note recognition becomes difficult to teach and learn. We propose that visual perceptual training can serve as an innovative pedagogical tool to efficiently relax the visual bottleneck and enhance fluency in recognizing musical notes. We discuss why theoretically it works, the empirical basis for its effectiveness, its advantages, and potential concerns of adopting this tool by the music education community. In sum, visual perceptual training can directly facilitate development of fluency in recognizing musical notes in an efficient and personalized manner. This will encourage music exposure, learning and participation, and may therefore widely benefit the music learning community.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1692578</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1692578</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Cognitive rehabilitation among long COVID patients using vibratory and auditory treatment (VAT) is linked to BDNF]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Abdullah Mosabbir</author><author>Jed A. Meltzer</author><author>Arkady Uryash</author><author>Erika L. Beroncal</author><author>Ana C. Andreazza</author><author>Lee Bartel</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Cognitive dysfunction occurs in around 40% of long COVID (LC) patients, and in many cases appears second only to fatigue in prevalence. Vibratory and auditory treatment (VAT) within the gamma range has demonstrated improvements in symptoms associated with cognition and fatigue. In this open-label pilot study, we tested the effects of VAT on measures of cognition and fatigue in LC. Twenty patients were randomly divided into a treatment and a control group. Symptoms were monitored remotely through mobile apps and in-person visits before and after the treatment period. The treatment group received a device generating 40 Hz of VAT to take home and use every day from Monday to Friday for 4 weeks (i.e., 20 sessions over 28 days), whereas the control group did not use any device but followed the same data collection procedures. This study found that after 4 weeks of VAT, participants with LC exhibited increased performance in selective attention and response inhibition, an increased amount of circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and a reduced resting heart rate. We propose that VAT may be a useful rehabilitative tool for LC as well as other targeted populations that seek improvements in cognition or general health but are compromised immunologically or physically.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1561842</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1561842</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A sequential model of two-choice intensity identification]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-03-19T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Robert C. G. Johansson</author><author>Rolf Ulrich</author>
        <description><![CDATA[A model of perceptual decision-making in two-choice intensity identification tasks is advanced. The model assumes that sensory pathways encode the physical intensity of the stimulus in the firing rates of sensory afferents, characterized by exponentially distributed interarrival times. The decision-making process entails a sequential comparison of each interarrival time with memory traces from prior stimulus exposure. This yields a random walk process reminiscent of the two-choice RT model by Stone (1960), but with an additional stochastic element introduced by variable sampling times. The model provides a reasonable account of data garnered in a brightness identification task (Experiment 1), aligning with distributional RT statistics and intensity effects on mean RTs. Several post hoc assumptions, such as variability and bias in the starting point of the random walk, are required to accurately predict error RT distributions, however, which introduces problematic asymmetries in predicted error probabilities. Applying the model to a loudness identification task (Experiment 2) necessitated the additional assumption of variability in transduction rates to overcome challenges in accommodating longer RTs for errors compared to correct responses in this task.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1565759</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1565759</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Neonatal hypoxia: impacts on the developing mind and brain]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-02-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Nafiseh Shabani</author><author>Alice Mado Proverbio</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This review examines the cognitive, emotional, and neurofunctional effects of neonatal hypoxia in both the short and long term. Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (NHIE) is a critical condition with profound and lasting effects on brain development and function. This mini review examines the structural, cognitive, behavioral, and psychopathological outcomes associated with NHIE, highlighting its impact on neurodevelopment. NHIE is linked to structural abnormalities such as reduced white matter integrity, ventricular enlargement, and damage to key regions including the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and corpus callosum. These changes correlate with long-term impairments in cognition, memory, and motor skills, alongside elevated risks of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behavioral and emotional challenges, including anxiety, depression, and mood instability, are also prevalent. This review underscores the significant and multifaceted impact of NHIE on neurodevelopmental and behavioral health, emphasizing the importance of developing methodologies to eliminate or minimize neonatal hypoxic states as much as possible.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1533913</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1533913</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Music as a social instrument: a brief historical and conceptual perspective]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-02-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Nicholas Bannan</author><author>Alan R. Harvey</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This article addresses the origins and purpose of communal music-making, including dance, and its role in human sociality. It accords special significance to the adapted nature of human vocalization, and the sensorimotor discrimination that allows the prediction and then generation of musically relevant, coordinated and simultaneous movements. Commencing with a historical survey of the development of ideas about the evolutionary importance of music in human social behavior, this mini-review then sets out to define and explore key issues involved in an evolutionary explanation. These include: acquisition and control of parameters required for vocal production (synchronization of pitch, timbre, duration and loudness); the exchange and transmission of pitched utterances in unison as well as in harmony; the roles of natural and sexual selection in shaping human musical abilities; the nature of cooperative behavior, and the consequences for social bonding of such interaction throughout life; transmission of such behaviors across generations, and the interaction between genes and culture that drives the evolution of complex social behavior in Homo sapiens. The article concludes with a brief review of current research that deals with contributory features of this field, especially in neuroscience which continues to provide important psychophysiological data that reinforces the long-held proposal that music has a key role in promoting cooperative, prosocial interactions leading to health and wellbeing over the human lifespan.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1503028</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2025.1503028</link>
        <title><![CDATA[EEG as a neural measure of hypoxia-related impairment]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-02-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Stephanie R. Otto</author><author>Cammi K. Borden</author><author>Daniel G. McHail</author><author>Kara J. Blacker</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Ambient oxygen decreases with increasing altitude, which poses a primary threat to aviators known as hypoxic hypoxia. Decades of research have shown that hypoxia impairs cognition, but the neurophysiological bases for these effects remain poorly understood. Recent advances in neuroscience have permitted non-invasive observation of neural activity under controlled hypoxia exposures and have begun to uncover how the brain responds to hypoxia. Electroencephalography (EEG) in particular has been used to explore how electrical activity produced by networks of cortical neurons changes under hypoxia. Here we review studies that have explored how hypoxia affects prominent EEG brain rhythms as well as responses to specific events or stimuli in the time and frequency domains. Experimental conditions have varied widely, including whether hypoxia exposures were normobaric or hypobaric and the range of equivalent altitudes and durations of exposures. Collectively, these studies have accumulated support for a variety of candidate neural markers of hypoxia impairment spanning sensory and cognitive domains. Continued research will build on these findings to leverage emerging technologies in neuroscience and further our understanding of how hypoxia affects cognition and associated neural activity.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2024.1468306</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2024.1468306</link>
        <title><![CDATA[From oxygen shortage to neurocognitive challenges: behavioral patterns and imaging insights]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-11-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Alberto Zani</author><author>Yldjana Dishi</author><author>Alice Mado Proverbio</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Environmental hypoxia, resulting from reduced oxygen supply, poses a significant risk of dysfunctioning and damaging the neurocognitive system, particularly in relation to anxiety and stress. Inadequate oxygenation can lead to acute and chronic brain damage. Scholars used behavioral, hemodynamic, and electromagnetic neurofunctional techniques to investigate the effects of normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia on neurocognitive systems. They found a correlation between hypoxia, altered psychomotor responses, and changes in EEG alpha, theta, beta, and gamma rhythms, which affect spatial attention and memory. Hypoxia affects event related potential (ERP) components differently depending on latency. Perceptual responses N1 and P2 remain largely unaffected, while the amplitudes of preattentive MMN, vMMN, and P3a are significantly altered. Late latency components related to attention, particularly P3b, are also altered. These changes illustrate the spectrum from sensory detection to more complex cognitive processing, highlighting the brain's efficiency in managing information. Interestingly, the amplitudes of P3b, ADAN and CNV can increase with increased cognitive demands in hypoxia. This suggests a compensatory response. Prolonged exposure exacerbates these effects, resulting in compensatory delayed behavioral responses and alterations in behavioral monitoring and conflict inhibitory control, as reflected by reduced amplitudes in some attention related ERP components, including N2, N2pc, and ERN. Thus, neurocognitive function and integrity are under stress. ERP sources and hemodynamic images reveal that vulnerable brain regions include the frontal prefrontal cortices, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and parietal and visual cortices, which are essential for attention related processes like decision making and spatial memory. The auditory system appears less affected.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2024.1425005</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2024.1425005</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Coupling of anticipation and breathing in expert flute performance: the influence of musical structure and practice]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-09-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Michel A. Cara</author><author>Divna Mitrovic</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionIn this study, we examined the cognitive processes and physiological responses involved in learning a flute piece by the composer Charles Koechlin among musicians of different expertise levels. Participants performed the piece four times consecutively, with a 2-min practice interval between the first and the second trial.MethodsUsing data obtained from an eye tracker, respiratory sensors, and an audio recorder we assessed short-term improvement and the effect of musical structure and practice on key variables identified through a multivariate approach: eye-hand span (EHS), time index of EHS, thoracic and abdominal amplitude (breathing patterns) and pupil dilation.ResultsThe analysis revealed two main dimensions: one associated with EHS; and the other with embodied responses to music, closely linked to breathing patterns and pupil dilation. We found an effect of musical structure on all the variables studied, while the EHS improved with practice. Expert musicians demonstrated enhanced EHS and adapted their breathing patterns more effectively to the music's structure.DiscussionThese insights support the hypothesis of a coupling between anticipation and breathing, emphasizing the role of perceptual and embodied components in music reading and learning.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2024.1417011</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2024.1417011</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Classifying musical reading expertise by eye-movement analysis using machine learning]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-08-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Véronique Drai-Zerbib</author><author>Manon Ansart</author><author>Clément Grenot</author><author>Bénédicte Poulin-Charronnat</author><author>Joris Perra</author><author>Thierry Baccino</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Music reading is the key to literacy for musicians in the Western music tradition. This high-level activity requires an efficient extraction of the visual information from the score to the current needs of the execution. Differences in eye movements between expert and non-expert musicians during music reading have been shown. The present study goes further, using a machine learning approach to classify musicians according to their level of expertise in analyzing their eye movements and performance during sight-reading. We used a support vector machine (SVM) technique to (a) investigate whether the underlying expertise in musical reading could be reliably inferred from eye movements, performance, and subjective measures collected across five levels of expertise and (b) determine the best predictors for classifying expertise from 24 visual measures (e.g., the number of progressive fixations, the number of regressive fixations, pupil size, first-pass fixations, and second-pass fixations), 10 performance measures (e.g., eye–hand span, velocity, latency, play duration, tempo, and false notes), and 4 subjective measures (perceived complexity and cognitive skills). Eye movements from 68 pianists at five different levels of music expertise (according to their level in the conservatory of music—from first cycle to professional) were co-registered with their piano performance via a Musical Instrument Digital Interface, while they sight-read classical and contemporary music scores. Results revealed relevant classifications based on the SVM analysis. The model optimally classified the lower levels of expertise (1 and 2) compared to the higher levels (3, 4, and 5) and the medium level (3) compared to higher levels (4 and 5). Furthermore, across a total of 38 measures, the model identified the four best predictors of the level of expertise: the sum of fixations by note, the number of blinks, the number of fixations, and the average fixation duration. Thus, efficiently classifying musical reading expertise from musicians' eye movements and performance using SVM is possible. The results have important theoretical and practical implications for music cognition and pedagogy, enhancing the specialized eye and performance behaviors required for an expert music reading.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2024.1403584</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcogn.2024.1403584</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Music expertise differentially modulates the hemispheric lateralization of music reading]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-08-19T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sara Tze Kwan Li</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Previous studies have shown that music expertise relates to the hemispheric lateralization of music reading among musicians and non-musicians. However, it remains unclear that how music expertise modulates the hemispheric lateralization of music reading along the music learning trajectory and how music expertise modulates the hemispheric lateralization of reading different musical elements. This study examined how music expertise modulates the hemispheric lateralization of music reading in pitch elements (e.g., pitch, harmony), temporal elements (e.g., rhythm), and expressive elements (e.g., articulation) among musicians, music learners, and non-musicians. Musicians (n = 38), music learners (n = 26), and non-musicians (n = 33) worked on a set of divided visual field sequential matching tasks with four musical elements, i.e., pitch, harmony, rhythm, and articulation, in separate blocks. An eye-tracker was used to ensure participants' central fixation before each trial. Participants judged whether the first and second target stimuli were the same as quickly and accurately as possible. The findings showed that for musicians, no significant differences were observed between the left visual field (LVF) and the right visual field (RVF), suggesting musicians' bilateral representation in music reading. Music learners had an RVF/LH (left hemisphere) advantage over the LVF/RH (right hemisphere), suggesting music learners tended to be more left-lateralized in music reading. In contrast, non-musicians had an LVF/RH advantage over the RVF/LH, suggesting non-musicians tended to be more right-lateralized in music reading. In addition, music expertise correlates with the laterality index (LI) in music reading, suggesting that the better the overall performance in music expertise task, the greater the tendency to be more left-lateralized in music reading. Nonetheless, musicians, music learners, and non-musicians did not show different visual field effects in any individual musical elements respectively, suggesting the cognitive processes involved might share similar lateralization effects among the three groups when only one particular musical element is examined. In general, this study suggests the effect of music training on brain plasticity along the music learning trajectory. It also highlights the possibilities that bilateral or left hemispheric lateralization may serve as an expertise marker for musical reading.]]></description>
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