AUTHOR=Umair Muhammad , Ahmad Jawad , Alasbali Nada , Saidani Oumaima , Hanif Muhammad , Khattak Aizaz Ahmad , Khan Muhammad Shahbaz 

TITLE=Decentralized EEG-based detection of major depressive disorder via transformer architectures and split learning

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience

VOLUME=Volume 19 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computational-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncom.2025.1569828

DOI=10.3389/fncom.2025.1569828

ISSN=1662-5188

ABSTRACT=IntroductionMajor Depressive Disorder (MDD) remains a critical mental health concern, necessitating accurate detection. Traditional approaches to diagnosing MDD often rely on manual Electroencephalography (EEG) analysis to identify potential disorders. However, the inherent complexity of EEG signals along with the human error in interpreting these readings requires the need for more reliable, automated methods of detection.MethodsThis study utilizes EEG signals to classify MDD and healthy individuals through a combination of machine learning, deep learning, and split learning approaches. State of the art machine learning models i.e., Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Gradient Boosting are utilized, while deep learning models such as Transformers and Autoencoders are selected for their robust feature-extraction capabilities. Traditional methods for training machine learning and deep learning models raises data privacy concerns and require significant computational resources. To address these issues, the study applies a split learning framework. In this framework, an ensemble learning technique has been utilized that combines the best performing machine and deep learning models.ResultsResults demonstrate a commendable classification performance with certain ensemble methods, and a Transformer-Random Forest combination achieved 99% accuracy. In addition, to address data-sharing constraints, a split learning framework is implemented across three clients, yielding high accuracy (over 95%) while preserving privacy. The best client recorded 96.23% accuracy, underscoring the robustness of combining Transformers with Random Forest under resource-constrained conditions.DiscussionThese findings demonstrate that distributed deep learning pipelines can deliver precise MDD detection from EEG data without compromising data security. Proposed framework keeps data on local nodes and only exchanges intermediate representations. This approach meets institutional privacy requirements while providing robust classification outcomes.