AUTHOR=Hayee Sobia , Hussain Fawad , Yousaf Muhammad Haroon , Yasir Muhammad , Ahmad Shahzor , Viriri Serestina TITLE=A benchmark dataset and methodology for fine grained vehicle make and model classification JOURNAL=Frontiers in Computer Science VOLUME=Volume 7 - 2025 YEAR=2025 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1561899 DOI=10.3389/fcomp.2025.1561899 ISSN=2624-9898