AUTHOR=Al-Jewair Thikriat , Zylalaj Ajola , Poursattar Bejehmir Arash 

TITLE=Orthodontic considerations for managing patients with functional movement disorders: a narrative review and clinical guide

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Dental Medicine

VOLUME=Volume 6 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/dental-medicine/articles/10.3389/fdmed.2025.1628802

DOI=10.3389/fdmed.2025.1628802

ISSN=2673-4915

ABSTRACT=BackgroundFunctional Movement Disorder (FMD) is a neurological condition involving involuntary movements without structural brain or nerve damage. It can significantly affect the craniofacial region, disrupting facial and oral motor functions and complicating dental and orthodontic care. This narrative review outlines the clinical presentation of FMD, emphasizing its relevance in orthodontics and offering a clinical management guide.FindingsA systematic approach is proposed, detailing strategies from the initial screening visit through active treatment, retention, and post-retention stages. Key strategies include using fixed appliances for better control, scheduling shorter visits to reduce symptom aggravation, and incorporating distraction techniques. Collaborative care with neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, physical therapists, and dental professionals is vital, addressing both motor and psychological factors.Conclusion and relevanceSpecialized training, improved diagnostic methods, and customized treatment plans are crucial for managing FMD in orthodontics. These efforts are necessary to optimize care and outcomes for affected patients.