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        <title>Frontiers in Earth Science | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Earth Science | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-13T12:08:55.404+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1834345</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1834345</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Research on N-bearing micro-nanoparticles in the earth’s deep interior: new forms of existence and migration in the nitrogen cycle]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yunfeng Zhang</author><author>Shanming Wei</author><author>Huijuan Wang</author><author>Xiaobo Tan</author><author>Xubo Man</author><author>Chenkai Zhang</author><author>Jiaxin Dong</author><author>Qiang Wang</author><author>Yaru Zhao</author><author>Benyu Bo</author><author>Rui Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Nitrogen (N) is vital for life and widely distributed in Earth’s crust, mantle, and core. Current knowledge is largely limited to surficial biological N cycling, with poorly constrained deep geological cycling and its carrier forms. Here we used transmission electron microscopy to characterize micro-nanoparticles in fault gases and geothermal fluids. We report abundant N-bearing micro-nanoparticles with diverse morphologies, sizes, compositions, and crystallinity in both sample types. This discovery documents a previously unrecognized particulate form of nitrogen in the deep Earth. These micro-nanoparticles can migrate with geological fluids and gases, representing a new mechanism for deep N cycling and a potential link to the nitrogen source for the origin of life. This study reveals a novel deep Earth N migration pathway and provides a nanoscale perspective for exploring deep elemental cycles and interior materials.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1838280</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1838280</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The mainland China surface rupture database (MCSRD): development, structure, and descriptive analysis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Data Report</category>
        <author>Pan Zhang</author><author>Yanbo Zhang</author><author>Huaguo Liu</author><author>Feng Li</author><author>Jiehan Zhang</author><author>Wei Lu</author><author>Qichao Jia</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1799564</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1799564</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The Southwestern Rift of Africa: isotopic evidence of early-stage continental rifting]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Rūta Karolytė</author><author>Michael C. Daly</author><author>Peter Vivian-Neal</author><author>Darren Hillegonds</author><author>Long Li</author><author>Barbara Sherwood Lollar</author><author>Chris J. Ballentine</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Helium and carbon isotope data (3He/4He = 0.14–0.17 R/Ra; δ13C(CO2) = −3.9‰) from hydrothermal springs within the Kafue Rift of Zambia provide the first geochemical characterization of thermal springs along a broad extensional zone connecting the African Rift System through central Africa to Namibia. These results reveal mantle-derived fluids at the surface, and associated mobilization of crustal N2 (84.4%–97.6%) with elevated 4He concentrations (0.4%–2.3%). Active hydrothermal groundwaters from outside of the Kafue Rift boundary faults show no isotopic evidence of mantle-derived helium or carbon dioxide. These geochemical compositions and spatial trends resemble those observed in other early rifts within the more thermally developed East African Rift System. The data is consistent with early stages of active lithospheric rifting, supported by previous geophysical observations globally. In addition to the regional tectonic importance of these data, these findings highlight the resource potential along central African active fault boundaries. The combination of a mantle fluid source, advective flow along crustal scale fault zones with low level seismicity, and groundwater serving as a sink for mantle CO2 with minimal crustal fluid dilution, indicate potentially favorable conditions for both geothermal energy development and the exploration of economically significant gases in crustal fluids, particularly helium and hydrogen.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1802621</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1802621</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Interactive loops between anthropogenic urban-rural construction and natural systems in China: quantifying green development pathways and policy effectiveness]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xin Han</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionAccelerating urbanization and rural construction (URC) in China profoundly alter natural systems (land cover, ecosystems, climate regulation). The existing green development index (GDI) systems remain inadequate in capturing anthropogenic impacts on natural ecosystems and lack an integrated framework that combines remote sensing and statistical data. Using these combined parameters, this study examines bidirectional interactions between anthropogenic construction activities and natural processes.MethodsWe calibrate the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)-Entropy Weight calculation to measure the value of 286 cities or higher than the prefecture level from 2010 to 2023. The GD level of URC in China in 2023 is further by the clustering method. Finally, the deep Q-network (DQN) model is developed to simulate the policy responses under two scenarios of nature-society interactions.ResultsResults show that the standardized GDI of URC increases from 0.404 in 2010 to 0.553 in 2023. Four clusters are identified, including Advantaged (29 cities), Second best (68 cities), Average (120 cities), and Weak (69 cities). DQN simulations indicate that increasing renewable energy by 20% improves GDI more than a 5% reduction in emissions. The renewable energy pathway is preferred in over 94% of episodes across sensitivity tests.DiscussionThe study recommends scaling renewable energy integration in Average and Weak clusters, while Advantaged cities play roles in carbon-neutral practices.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1818830</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1818830</link>
        <title><![CDATA[AI fault prediction for ultra-deepwater OBN seismic data: advancing structural interpretation in carbonate reservoirs]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Siwen Wang</author><author>Chaofeng Wang</author><author>Hongping Wang</author><author>Guoping Zuo</author><author>Liangbo Ding</author><author>Guozhang Fan</author><author>Yonggang Zhang</author><author>Xu Pang</author><author>Zeyu Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Accurate interpretation of complex fault networks is crucial for ultra-deepwater hydrocarbon exploration, yet traditional towed-streamer (TS) seismic systems frequently fail to image subtle faults due to environmental noise and complex topographies. This study develops an AI-driven fault prediction framework specifically tailored for high-fidelity Ocean Bottom Node (OBN) seismic data. The proposed methodology uses structure-oriented filtering for data preprocessing and an enhanced High-Resolution Network (HR-Net) that adaptively fuses multi-scale features to maintain spatial resolution and suppress noise. A progressive post-processing workflow involving fault enhancement, skeletonization, and ant-tracking is then applied to automate 3D fault model generation. Application in the Santos Basin’s pre-salt carbonate reservoirs demonstrated that this approach performs better traditional TS methods, effectively resolving intricate Y-shaped fault geometries and providing reliable structural support for established carbonate depositional models in the region. This workflow reduces structural interpretation cycles from months to hours, improving geological accuracy and mitigating drilling risks in offshore exploration.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1819926</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1819926</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Study on hydraulic properties in a pore-fracture coupled model for predicting water inrush from mine floors]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Lihong Shi</author><author>Weitao Liu</author><author>Dianrui Mu</author><author>Hongtao Li</author><author>Zhenguo Mao</author><author>Xiao Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The mining-induced failure zone is one of the main water flow channels. Due to the complexity of fracture distribution and groundwater flow in the fractures, calculating the water conductivity of fractures in the mining failure zone is a hot and difficult research topic at present. In order to simultaneously simulate the permeability of the complete rock mass of the floor and the hydraulic conductivity of the fractures, a numerical simulation model of pore-fracture porous media was established to study the influence of different fracture structure parameters in the coal seam floor on the hydraulic conductivity of the floor. The spatial distribution of water pressure and water flow velocity under the conditions of different fracture structure parameters and permeability was studied. The simulation results show that the floor pressure distribution is consistent with the actual situation. The distribution of water pressure at the fracture location presents a downward trend. The pressure gradient in the fracture is smaller than that in the fracture’s surrounding porous rock mass. The model can not only simulate and calculate the resistance of complex pore-fracture media to fluid, but also simplify the calculation, providing a new method for the simulation and calculation of the hydraulic conductivity of the floor fracture zone.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1800394</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1800394</link>
        <title><![CDATA[New constraints on the structure of offshore Mesozoic rift basins and distribution of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province along the eastern U.S. coastline from high-resolution aeromagnetic and gravity data]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jack N. Turney</author><author>David S. Goldberg</author><author>Kirsty J. Tinto</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) basalt formations found in Mesozoic rift basins along the eastern North American seaboard are postulated as the proximate cause of the end-of-Triassic mass extinction event. CAMP volcanism is identified in onshore basins; however, basin structure and CAMP basalt distribution in the offshore New York Bight Basin (NYBB), Long Island Basin (LIB), and Central Bight Basin (CBB) are not well constrained due to the limited resolution of legacy seismic and existing magnetic and gravimetric survey data. Geopotential modeling of new high-resolution magnetic and gravity survey data predicts multiple CAMP basalt flow units equating to a total volume of at least ∼1,100 km3 in the New York Bight and Long Island basins. Forward modeling and depth-to-source analyses show a possible wedge of igneous material in the Long Island Basin, bordered by NW–SE trending faults that splay off the western border fault. Magnetic sources and strong seismic reflectors at the basement top also indicate interbasinal CAMP volcanism. The extension of a magnetic high from interbasinal areas toward the East Coast Magnetic Anomaly suggests that CAMP volcanism may have formed contemporaneously with seaward-dipping reflectors. These results indicate that offshore CAMP activity may have occurred during and after the main rifting phase in the central North American rift system. This differs from previous findings in the area, where CAMP activity pre-dated the cessation of rifting, thus shedding new light on the development of this passive margin.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1794840</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1794840</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Extensional fault connection and turbidite sandbody control under pre-existing strike-slip fault constraints: a case study of the Paleogene in structural belt 4, Nanpu sag, Bohai Bay basin, Eastern China]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Pengyu Wang</author><author>Benzhong Xian</author><author>Rongheng Tian</author><author>Sirui Chen</author><author>Kunze Xiao</author><author>Heyuan Tang</author><author>Naveed Ur Rahman</author><author>Jiyuan Zhao</author><author>Lin Zhao</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Significant advances have been made in understanding the growth and linkage of extensional and strike-slip faults. However, under multi-phase tectonic activity, how the reactivation of pre-existing strike-slip faults controls the growth-linkage process of later extensional faults and the associated geomorphic-sedimentary responses remains poorly understood. This study focuses on the Paleogene succession of the No. 4 structural belt in the Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin. We integrated 3D seismic, core, and well-log data to systematically analyze fault geometry and activity, lithofacies assemblages, and sand-body distribution patterns. The Paleogene fault growth-linkage process can be divided into four stages: initial growth, soft linkage, soft-to-hard transition, and hard linkage. These correspond to three geomorphic configurations: isolated sags, strip-like fault troughs with multiple depocenters, and strip-like fault troughs with a single depocenter. Two major lithofacies assemblages indicate that deltaic and gravity-flow systems were dominant. Under the influence of reactivated pre-existing strike-slip faults, fault linkage shows not only superposition of fault lengthening and displacement accumulation, but also pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity. As linkage degree increases, depocenters evolve from dispersed to integrated, and sediment transport shifts from proximal dispersed unloading to axially focused transport along fault troughs, driving turbidite fans from lobe-dominated to channel-dominated systems. These findings suggest that reactivation of pre-existing strike-slip faults not only governed the linkage evolution of extensional faults, but also reshaped fault-trough geometry and sediment pathways, ultimately controlling the distribution of deep-water sand bodies and favorable reservoirs.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1808744</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1808744</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal patterns of the anticlines in the frontal Fars arc of the Zagros: insights from landscape evolution model]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shun Cai</author><author>Xilin Cao</author><author>Daan Li</author><author>Haopeng Geng</author>
        <description><![CDATA[During the Cenozoic, the Arabia-Eurasia collision led to deformation series of fold-and-thrusts along the Zagros foreland. This deformation produced a wide and spectacular units of fold trains. Consequently, this area presents an exceptional natural laboratory for examining the fundamental question of how and what mechanism of active fault segments grow in length. Here, we focus on the anticlines in the frontal Fars Arc, the youngest fold train in this region. It is governed by the Mountain Frontal Fault (MFF) and stretches for more than 400 km. By analyzing the topographic characteristics of these anticlines and integrating the simulated results of the landscape evolution model, we have reproduced the landscape evolution of four anticlines (the Mehran, Charak, Khalfani, and Zalemi anticlines) along the MFF. From these simulations, the timing and uplift rates were constrained, yielding results that suggest these anticlines likely formed later than ∼1.2 Ma, with an uplift rate of 2–3 mm yr-1. Then, we estimated the formation sequence of these anticlines and the development of the drainage system in Fars Arc. Our results show that the formation sequence of these anticlines aligns spatially with variations in Hormuz salt thickness. This correspondence suggests that salt thickness likely governs the growth pattern of the anticlines and controlling the fault segments of Mountain Frontal Fault in the frontal Fars Arc. The methodological framework developed thus offers a valuable approach for studying other youthful fold-and-thrust belts with limited stratigraphic records.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1800806</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1800806</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Quantitative characterization of fault damage zones in shale reservoirs: asymmetric structures and their implications for fluid flow, a case study from the Gulong Sag, Songliao basin]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yongqiang Qu</author><author>Xiaocen Su</author><author>Guoliang Yan</author><author>Lei Gong</author><author>Tingjing Zhang</author><author>Chao Feng</author><author>Dongsheng Cao</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Fault damage zones serve as critical conduits for fluid migration in shale reservoirs characterized by low matrix permeability. Addressing the challenges in quantitatively characterizing fault damage zones in shale, this study takes the Gulong shale in the Songliao Basin as a case study. By integrating detailed field outcrop analysis, subsurface data validation, and quantitative statistical methods, we systematically investigate the geometric characteristics, internal fracture distribution patterns, and controlling factors of fault damage zones. The results reveal that normal fault damage zones consistently exhibit systematic asymmetry, with the hanging wall damage zone width being approximately 1.5 times greater than that of the footwall. Fracture intensity decays negatively exponentially with increasing distance from the fault core, with decay coefficients of 0.614 m−1 for Fault A and 0.175–0.183 m−1 for Fault B (R2 = 0.48–0.58). Lithology exerts a fundamental control on fracture development, with the highest fracture density occurring in brittle shale and siltstone intervals, followed by shelly limestone, while mudstone layers are the least fractured. Mechanical stratigraphy (rock competence) strictly constrains the vertical propagation of fractures, with lengths predominantly ranging from 10 to 50 cm, rarely exceeding 70 cm. Furthermore, local structural features such as fault tips and overlapping zones significantly control the scale and heterogeneity of the damage zones, with fracture density reaching up to 14.6 m−1 in overlapping damage zones compared to 7.26 m−1 in host rock. Crucially, the primary patterns identified from outcrops—including fracture sets (NNW-SSE, NE-SW, and NEE-SWW trending), lithological control, and damage zone asymmetry—are consistently corroborated by subsurface data from core and image logs, validating the reliability of extrapolating quantitative outcrop models to the subsurface. The quantitative characterization methodology and related charts established in this research provide direct geological evidence and decision-making support for predicting hydrocarbon “sweet spots,” constructing 3D geological models, and optimizing development well patterns in the Gulong shale and analogous shale reservoirs under similar geological conditions.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1793627</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1793627</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Sedimentary environmental evolution of the Xiazijie area (Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, Northwestern China) during the Early to Middle Triassic]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jun Liu</author><author>Yangbo Xie</author><author>Zhen Chen</author><author>Xiaolong Liu</author><author>Wenbo Dong</author><author>Qiwen Guan</author><author>Guoding Yu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Fan-delta sandstones or conglomerates constitute important reservoirs for oil and gas worldwide. The Early to Middle Triassic succession in the Xiazijie area of the Mahu Sag of the Junggar Basin represents a critical hydrocarbon-bearing interval, yet its detailed sedimentary evolution and facies architecture remain insufficiently understood. This study integrates core descriptions, well-log analysis, grain-size data, and heavy mineral indices from 105 wells in the Xiazijie area to reconstruct the depositional environments and evolutionary trends. Results indicate that the strata were deposited in a fan-delta environments, with lithofacies ranging from particle-supported conglomerates (channel fills) to horizontally-bedded mudstones (interchannel deposits). Planar facies mapping reveals that during T1b2, T1b3, and T2k13 periods, sediment was supplied from both northern and northwestern sources, forming dominant NE- and near-SN-trending channel belts. By the T2k12 period, sediment input simplified to a dominant NE direction. This study reveals that a clear retrogradational trend during the Early to Middle Triassic, marked by the shrinkage of the delta front and expansion of lacustrine deposits. This is a local response to the shallow unified Junggar basin, which is characterized by gradually increasing water depth during the Triassic. These findings provide a facies framework for reservoir prediction in this prolific exploration target.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1805239</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1805239</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Geomorphology-dependent patterns and drivers of gross ecosystem product in a global karst hotspot: evidence from Guizhou Province, China]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shibin Ma</author><author>Zhongfa Zhou</author><author>Yongrong Zhang</author><author>Jinfeng Wang</author><author>Chao Dong</author><author>Cheng Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionGross ecosystem product (GEP) provides a monetary indicator of ecosystem contributions to human well-being, yet its spatiotemporal heterogeneity and associated factors remain insufficiently understood in geomorphologically complex karst regions.MethodsUsing Guizhou Province, Southwest China, as a global karst hotspot, we quantified GEP in 2000, 2010, and 2020 and examined its spatial patterns and associated drivers across typical karst (TK), sub-karst (SK), and non-karst (NK) zones. A task-oriented multi-scale framework was employed, integrating global Moran’s I for spatial dependence analysis and GeoDetector for factor and interaction detection.ResultsThe GEP increased from CNY 1.68 × 1012 in 2000 to CNY 2.10 × 1012 in 2020, following a decline in 2000–2010 and a strong rebound in 2010–2020. High GEP areas were concentrated in southwestern and southern Guizhou and expanded northward and eastward. GEP exhibited significant positive spatial autocorrelation in all three years. NDVI was the dominant factor associated with GEP spatial differentiation, while elevation and slope acted as persistent background constraints. Interaction effects were mainly characterized by nonlinear enhancement, and natural—anthropogenic interactions became more important over time. Distinct association regimes of GEP drivers were identified across the three geomorphological zones. The multi-scale framework further provided complementary evidence on continuous spatial heterogeneity, clustering patterns, and governance-relevant territorial differences.DiscussionGEP-oriented ecological management in karst regions should be both geomorphology specific and scale-aware.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1827836</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1827836</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: The state-of-the-art techniques of seismic imaging for deep and ultra-deep hydrocarbon reservoirs, volume III]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Jidong Yang</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1689915</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1689915</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A hybrid deep learning framework for multisource data fusion and super-resolution mapping in AI-powered earth observation applications]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Tao He</author><author>Liping Wang</author><author>Ming Deng</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionAchieving ethical and sustainable decision-making in agri-food systems necessitates computational methods that integrate empirical data with normative and environmental constraints. Syntheses of existing evidence often fail to capture the intricate relationships between ecological integrity, social equity, and economic feasibility.MethodsTo address these challenges, we propose a machine-learning enhanced framework comprising three core components: a symbolic formalization layer for multi-agent ethical modeling, a constraint-aligned architecture (EthosNet), and an optimization strategy (AgriDualAlign) that aligns learned policies with ethical priorities.Results and DiscussionExperimental evaluations on four benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms strong multimodal baselines such as CLIP, ViLT, and OpenFlamingo. Our model achieves a 20% improvement in ethical constraint compliance (reducing the violation rate to 6.1%), a 3.5-point gain in F1 score on sustainability classification, and a 5.2-point increase in AUC on ethical decision-making tasks. These results confirm the framework’s superior interpretability, ethical robustness, and generalizability across diverse agri-food scenarios.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1767410</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1767410</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Study on the stability evaluation of loess landslides based on variable weight theory and finite interval cloud model]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Kang Wang</author><author>Junbin Chang</author><author>Yanquan Jing</author><author>Xiaoke Li</author><author>Xiaolong Sun</author><author>Xiong Liu</author><author>Peng Guan</author><author>Xuefeng Yan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Loess landslides are typical geological disasters in loess regions, posing serious threats to human life, property, and the ecological environment. To address the fuzziness and randomness in the stability evaluation of loess landslides, this study proposes a stability evaluation model based on variable weight theory and a finite interval cloud model. First, a stability evaluation indicator system for loess landslides was constructed from three dimensions: geological factors, landslide characteristics, and triggering factors. Then, subjective and objective constant weights were calculated using the intuitionistic fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and the anti-entropy weighting method, respectively, and combined constant weights were obtained through game theory. Next, variable weight theory was introduced to dynamically adjust the combined constant weights according to the state values of the indicators. Finally, a loess landslide stability evaluation model was established by integrating the finite interval cloud model with the variable weights, and its applicability was verified through case studies. The results indicate that the Erzhuangke landslide, Xiaonangou landslide, Beishansi landslide, and Xinzhuangke landslide are generally stable, with the Erzhuangke landslide showing a tendency toward instability. Numerical simulation results were consistent with the cloud model evaluation and suggest a less stable development trend, providing support for the proposed model. Sensitivity and comparative analyses further support the stability of the weighting scheme and the practical applicability of the proposed evaluation framework. The findings provide a decision-making basis and theoretical reference for the prevention, control, and risk management of loess landslides.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1564035</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1564035</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal variability of snow in the Andes using MODIS snow product 2000–2025]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Freddy Saavedra</author><author>Ana Hernández-Duarte</author><author>Alexis Caro</author><author>Antoine Rabatel</author><author>Steven Fassnacht</author><author>Thomas Condom</author><author>Stephanie Kampf</author><author>Mariano Masiokas</author><author>Carlos Romero</author><author>Yael Aguirre</author><author>Daniela González</author><author>Valentina Contreras</author><author>Javier Medina</author><author>Pablo Arancibia</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Snow is a critical component of the Andean hydrological system, supporting water supply for drinking, irrigation, hydropower, and industry. Persistent cloud cover and limited in situ observations have hindered long-term assessments of snow dynamics across the Andes, the world’s longest mountain range. Here, we present a continent-scale analysis of snow persistence (SP) and snowline elevation from 2000 to 2025 using daily MODIS Terra–Aqua products enhanced with advanced temporal and spatial cloud-reduction algorithms. Cloud persistence was reduced from 49% to 29%, substantially increasing the usable observational record for snow detection, although cloud-related limitations remain in tropical and southern Patagonia regions. Our results reveal that snow responses are strongly heterogeneous along the mountain chain. There is a marked and spatially coherent decline in SP between 29 °S and 36 °S, where an area equivalent to approximately 80,000 km2 of snow cover has been lost over the past 26 years. In this region, the snowline rose by 5–15 m yr⁻¹, reaching cumulative increases of up to 500 m. At the watershed scale, only basins in the Central Andes (29 °S – 36 °S) exhibit statistically significant SP declines and rising snowlines, while tropical watersheds show minimal snow presence and southern Patagonia displays mixed patterns partially influenced by persistent cloud cover. The accelerating loss of seasonal snow in the central Andes has profound implications for water security in regions where snowmelt is a dominant hydrological input. Our results underscore the need for higher-resolution multispectral and radar observations, expanded ground-based monitoring, and integrative modeling approaches to quantify snow water equivalent and anticipate future changes. Collectively, this study provides one of the most comprehensive assessments to date of Andean snow dynamics and highlights the central Andes as a hotspot of cryospheric sensitivity to ongoing climate change.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1800860</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1800860</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Research on the joint bearing mechanism and sensitivity of surrounding rock sharing rate of buried water conveyance tunnels]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Dong Zhou</author><author>Yiying Zhang</author><author>Jialiang Wang</author><author>Kai Si</author><author>Xiaoshuang Qiu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In view of the structural bearing performance issues of buried water diversion tunnels, the paper conducted a series of numerical simulation study on the joint bearing mechanism of steel lining-concrete lining-surrounding rock. Based on the actual background of a power station project in the western area of China, macroscopic and mesoscopic finite element models were established by using ABAQUS software. The influence laws of multiple parameters such as rock mass category, steel lining thickness, initial gap and internal water pressure on structural stress, displacement and rock mass sharing rate were systematically analyzed then. The research results show that: (1) The initial gap has the most significant impact on the rock mass sharing rate. A slight increase in the gap will cause a sharp decline in the sharing rate. (2) Increasing the thickness of the steel liner will reduce the rock mass sharing rate, which is not conducive to fully exerting the bearing capacity of the rock mass. (3) Compared with the standard analytical method, the finite element method takes into account the force transmission effect of the concrete lining, and the calculated rock mass sharing rate is generally 3.4%–17.8% higher, which are more in line with the engineering reality.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1756214</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1756214</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Astronomically forced lake-level fluctuations with impact on sand-body distribution of the oligocene Huagang Formation in the Xihu Depression, east China sea shelf basin]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-05-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yueli Liang</author><author>Xiaoming Zhao</author><author>Xi Zhang</author><author>Jiawang Ge</author><author>Guofeng Yin</author><author>Kun Qi</author><author>Massine Bouchakour</author><author>Minxin Yang</author><author>Jianwei Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The Late Oligocene Huagang Formation in the Xihu Depression, East China Sea Shelf Basin, records typical braided river delta deposits. However, the influence of astronomical forcing on sand-body distribution remains unclear. Based on core, logging, and seismic data, subaqueous distributary channels of braided river deltas were identified and multi-scale lake-level fluctuations were reconstructed. The main findings findings are: (1) The upper Huagang Formation records stable 1.2 Myr long obliquity cycles and 405 kyr long-eccentricity cycles. A 5.6 Myr floating astronomical time scale (ATS) was established using the stable 405 kyr eccentricity signal. (2) DYNOT analysis shows that both million-year and 100,000-year lake-level variations are astronomically driven. The 1.2 Myr cycle controls 3rd-order lake-level changes, influencing deltaic facies belts, while the 405 kyr cycle governs 4th-order fluctuations, affecting sand-body stacking patterns. (3) Obliquity and eccentricity cycles also jointly modulate climate. A high-obliquity, low-eccentricity mode reflects a warmer, wetter climate with lower lake levels, where sand bodies occur in tangential or superimposed patterns. A high obliquity, high eccentricity mode reflects a colder, drier climate with higher lake levels, where sand bodies are isolated. This study provides new theoretical insights for high-resolution reservoir characterization and development of braided river delta reservoirs.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1769685</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1769685</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Research on the spatiotemporal evolution and associated factors of seismic resilience in western China using machine learning]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Bowen Tang</author><author>Guoxi Fan</author><author>Juncheng Wang</author><author>Can Xue</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Western China faces significant seismic risks and has a relatively weak socioeconomic foundation, making systematic evaluation of its comprehensive seismic resilience strategically vital for regional sustainable development and national security. Existing studies show clear limitations in dynamic assessment and analysis of associated factors. This research constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system covering economic, population, infrastructure, and governance dimensions. Using the entropy weighting method and a weighted sum model, we measure the resilience index for 12 western Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2024, and apply Gaussian Kernel Density Estimation and machine learning methods to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution and economic explanatory factors of seismic resilience. Key findings include: (1) The mean regional resilience index increased significantly from 0.115 to 0.296, a rise of 157.4%, yet interprovincial disparities widened; (2) Resilience shows a spatial pattern characterized by higher levels in the southwest and lower levels in the northwest, with governance resilience receiving the highest entropy-based weight (0.473) and exhibiting the largest internal gap. A supplementary equal-weight sensitivity analysis confirms the stability of main results; (3) The Random Forest model achieves the highest predictive accuracy (R2 = 0.920) and identifies fixed asset investment and fiscal variables as important explanatory variables, with the Geodetector method further validating these findings. Based on these results, we propose differentiated policy implications for resilience-leading zones, key enhancement zones, and foundational strengthening zones, thereby offering practical references for improving seismic disaster prevention capabilities in Western China and advancing risk governance research in high-vulnerability regions.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1720151</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2026.1720151</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Late Glacial to Holocene environmental development near an oil-producing platform in the Danish North Sea]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Katrine Elnegaard Hansen</author><author>Ole Bennike</author><author>Lasse Tésik Prins</author><author>Paul C. Knutz</author><author>Bodil Wesenberg Lauridsen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The Late Quaternary North Sea basin represents a highly dynamic shelf system, altered by glaciations, deglaciations, and the recent Early Holocene marine transgression. However, detailed studies on the timing of the marine transgression and the paleoenvironmental development of the Danish North Sea are lacking. In this article, we present a Late Glacial–Holocene paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the central North Sea using multiproxy data from three sediment cores. As a novel approach, integrated benthic faunal analyses were applied, including both bivalves and benthic foraminifera, supported by radiocarbon dating, macrofossils, lithology, sediment geochemistry (X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scans), and sub-bottom profiler data. By focusing on sites located near an oil-producing platform, an overarching goal is to investigate the response of the benthic fauna to anthropogenic activities. The results show age offsets between radiocarbon dates performed on benthic foraminifera and bivalves, possibly driven by contamination of younger carbon, sediment reworking, and changing marine reservoir ages, highlighting a dynamic depositional environment. During the Younger Dryas, the macrofossils reveal the presence of a lake situated in a tundra landscape. This was followed by marine transgression of the area at c. 10 cal ka BP, where the benthic foraminifera point to cold water conditions. Starting from c. 8.3 cal ka BP, increasing sedimentation rates and incursion of warmer water masses, is related to the isolation of Dogger Bank in the central North Sea and the opening of the English Channel. A transition toward colder and more unstable conditions is captured in the cores, presumably related to the 8.2 ka cold event. The cores record a depositional break between c. 8 cal ka BP and 2 cal ka BP, reflecting a highly dynamic depositional environment on the eastern Dogger Bank. The recent development is associated with a top layer containing benthic indices of anthropogenic impact under fully marine conditions. Our study reveals key transitions in the postglacial evolution of the North Sea.]]></description>
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