AUTHOR=Brandis Kate J. , Zawada Kyle , Meagher Phoebe , Ramp Daniel , Francis Roxane 

TITLE=Development of tiliqua species provenance models for use in combating the illegal wildlife trade

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2025.1526584

DOI=10.3389/fevo.2025.1526584

ISSN=2296-701X

ABSTRACT=IntroductionThis study was undertaken to explore the applicability of portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) technology in combating the illegal wildlife trade, specifically focusing on Australia’s Tiliqua species. The research aimed to develop models that could effectively identify species, distinguish between captive-bred and wild individuals, and predict geographic provenance. The hypothesis was that pXRF could achieve high accuracy in species identification and classifications, thereby providing a useful tool for wildlife enforcement efforts.MethodsThe study was conducted using pXRF technology to analyze a range of Tiliqua specimens, including shingleback (T. rugosa) and common blue-tongue (T. scinoides) lizards. Specimens were collected and analyzed in various states—live, dead, and as animal parts. Species specific XGBoost models were developed and tested for accuracy in identifying species and distinguishing between captive and wild individuals. Geographic provenance models were also created, utilizing predictor variables such as soil nutrient groups and hydrological basins to evaluate model performance.ResultsThe study found that species-specific models could identify shingleback and common blue-tongue lizards with an accuracy of 70%. Additionally, the models distinguished captive-bred from wild individuals with up to 81% accuracy for blue-tongue lizards and 83% for shinglebacks. Geographic provenance models demonstrated variable performance, achieving up to 83% accuracy but indicating the need for further refinement and more intensive sampling to improve model resolution.DiscussionThe results imply that pXRF technology has significant potential as a tool for wildlife enforcement, providing valuable information for species identification and the classification of individuals as captive or wild. This finding is consistent with prior research highlighting the utility of elemental profiling in wildlife conservation. The study also identifies a critical knowledge gap regarding the impact of captivity duration on elemental profiles, suggesting that future research should focus on refining geographic models and understanding the dynamics of elemental changes over time in captive versus wild specimens. Overall, the integration of pXRF into wildlife enforcement protocols represents a cost-effective and rapid approach to combatting illegal wildlife trade.