AUTHOR=Otoo Benjamin K. A. 

TITLE=Prospects for studying continentalization and the origin of terrestrial ecosystems during the late Paleozoic

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2025.1606225

DOI=10.3389/fevo.2025.1606225

ISSN=2296-701X

ABSTRACT=The origin of terrestrial ecosystems during the Paleozoic is pivotal in the history of life on Earth. This is a fascinating case for testing hypotheses about how ecological novelty arises at the organismal, lineage, and community levels. In this paper, I review research on community assembly and change in deep time and discuss this work in the context of investigating the continentalization of ecosystems. The extensive study of large-scale Phanerozoic trends in taxonomic and autecological diversity, particularly in the marine realm, provides an important theoretical framework. However, the interactions between these trends and community-level properties such as stability and the species carrying capacity are not as well understood. The growing body of paleo-food web literature has returned ambiguous results, and it is not clear whether the bounds of community performance have shifted over time or not. Importantly, these studies are conducted either entirely in the marine realm or in the terrestrial realm, but not yet on communities representing the initial expansion of life into non-marine and, eventually, terrestrial habitats. Modern-day systems such as island colonization might provide some useful insights into continentalization in deep time, but are effectively instances of terrestrial ecosystems being reproduced using extant terrestrial taxa, not terrestrial ecosystems developing de novo. The timeline of Paleozoic continentalization as currently understood is reviewed. Although the process was already underway, the Late Paleozoic (Devonian–Permian) emerged as a key interval for the study of continentalization. Food web modeling methods and hypotheses are discussed. Although challenging, going forward, this area of research has great potential to address questions of relevance to paleontologists, neontologists, and ecologists alike.