AUTHOR=Hattie John , Crivelli Jill , Van Gompel Kristin , West-Smith Patti , Wike Kathryn 

TITLE=Feedback That Leads to Improvement in Student Essays: Testing the Hypothesis that “Where to Next” Feedback is Most Powerful

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Education

VOLUME=Volume 6 - 2021

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2021.645758

DOI=10.3389/feduc.2021.645758

ISSN=2504-284X

ABSTRACT=Feedback is powerful but variable.  This study investigates which forms of feedback are more predictive of improvement to students’ essays, using Turnitin Feedback Studio – a computer augmented system to capture teacher- and computer-generated feedback comments. The study used a sample of 3204 high school and university students who submitted their essays, received feedback comments, and then resubmitted for final grading.  The major finding was the importance of “where to next” feedback which led to the greatest gains from the first to the final submission.  Praise had a dilution effect on feedback during the instructional process but may be of more value in the summative evaluation. There is support for the worthwhileness of computer moderated feedback systems that include both teacher- and computer-generated feedback.