<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
    <rss version="2.0">
      <channel xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/">
        <title>Frontiers in Electronics | Bioelectronics section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/electronics/sections/bioelectronics</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Bioelectronics section in the Frontiers in Electronics journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-04-14T22:00:57.932+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2026.1788559</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2026.1788559</link>
        <title><![CDATA[On the stability of CMOS ICs with plasma-enhanced silicone encapsulation for active implantable neurotechnology: 4.3 years of accelerated life testing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ahmad Shah Idil</author><author>Callum Lamont</author><author>Kambiz Nanbakhsh</author><author>Federico Mazza</author><author>Vasiliki Giagka</author><author>Timothy G. Constandinou</author><author>Anne Vanhoestenberghe</author><author>Nicholas de Neufville Donaldson</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The long-term stability of polymer-encapsulated CMOS integrated circuits (ICs) is essential for mm-size active implantable medical devices (AIMDs), where hermetic packaging is impractical. Validating robust, biocompatible, implantable IC encapsulation is a prerequisite for chip-scale polymeric bioelectronic implants. This study presents the first long-term validation of a design strategy combining medical-grade silicone, plasma surface treatment for adhesion, and foundry-manufactured CMOS ICs. These ICs feature a perforated shield layer (top metal layer) and a double-layer wall-of-vias to reduce moisture ingress and mechanical delamination. Test structures with silicon oxide/nitride passivation were encapsulated using implant-compatible processes and immersed in saline under accelerated ageing conditions (47 °C, 67 °C, and 87 °C) for up to 4.3 years, under DC and biphasic biases. Throughout the study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed no insulation failures. Minor visual corrosion was confined to wire bonds and solder pads, with no correlation to electrical degradation. These results demonstrate the robustness to biofluid exposure of modern IC passivation when combined with well-adhered silicone encapsulation. To our knowledge, this is the longest and most comprehensive accelerated ageing study of its kind, and the first to establish a scalable, industry-compatible encapsulation method for implanted ICs. Our findings provide critical evidence supporting the integration of CMOS ICs into next-generation bioelectronic implants.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2025.1686130</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2025.1686130</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Beyond ideal models: non-idealities in TCAD simulations of dielectric-modulated FETs for label-free biosensing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Rupam Goswami</author><author>Vivek Menon U</author><author>Suman Kumar Mitra</author><author>Deepjyoti Deb</author><author>Prachuryya Subash Das</author><author>Hirakjyoti Choudhury</author><author>Raja Vipul Gautam</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Dielectric modulation in field-effect transistors (FETs) for label-free biosensing have been extensively explored to date, mostly due to the availability of semiconductor device technology computer-aided design (TCAD) tools. Of these works, many reports have revolved around TCAD simulations and focused on ideal or slightly deviated-from-ideal conditions, rather than on the inclusion of non-idealities to create actual biosensing test scenarios. This perspective presents a status of label-free dielectric-modulated biosensing in FETs. It highlights the five most important but rarely used or missing non-idealities in semiconductor TCAD tools, viz., multispecies representation, biomolecular kinematics, cavity profile, hybridization, and transient response. To better align TCAD frameworks with experimental studies, this article recommends adopting method-specific TCAD-integrated modeling (MSTIM) approaches.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2025.1503425</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2025.1503425</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Auricular bioelectronic devices for health, medicine, and human-computer interfaces]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-02-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>William J. Tyler</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Recent advances in manufacturing of flexible and conformable microelectronics have opened opportunities for health monitoring and disease treatment. Other material engineering advances, such as the development of conductive, skin-like hydrogels, liquid metals, electric textiles, and piezoelectric films provide safe and comfortable means of interfacing with the human body. Together, these advances have enabled the design and engineering of bioelectronic devices with integrated multimodal sensing and stimulation capabilities to be worn nearly anywhere on the body. Of particular interest here, the external ear (auricle) offers a unique opportunity to design scalable bioelectronic devices with a high degree of usability and familiarity given the broad use of headphones. This review article discusses recent design and engineering advances in the development of auricular bioelectronic devices capable of physiological and biochemical sensing, cognitive monitoring, targeted neuromodulation, and control for human-computer interactions. Stemming from this scalable foundation, there will be increased growth and competition in research and engineering to advance auricular bioelectronics. This activity will lead to increased adoption of these smart headphone-style devices by patients and consumers for tracking health, treating medical conditions, and enhancing human-computer interactions.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2024.1240603</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2024.1240603</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Electromagnetic based flexible bioelectronics and its applications]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-04-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Shenyi Pan</author><author>Minghao Zhou</author><author>Longyin Liu</author><author>Huimin Shen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[With the increasing demand in seamless interface between artificial devices and biological structures, flexible bioelectronics has been developed rapidly in recent years. Compared with traditional rigid bioelectronics, flexible devices are more adaptable to the integration for various parts both inside and outside of the organism. Significant achievements have been made in biomedical devices, neuroelectronics and wearable devices. With the development of flexible bioelectronics, electromagnetics is becoming a crucial part in signal interference reduction and information transmission or feedback, taking advantages of strong penetration and rapid response in a variety of biological materials. In this review, we focus on the latest developments in electromagnetic based flexible bioelectronics, involving materials, sensation, seamless integration, and power supply, as well as the latest achievements in the fields of external wearables, internal implants, soft robotics and drug delivery system. Based on these, the main challenges facing flexible bioelectronics, are analyzed, including stretchability caused by mismatch between mechanical properties of soft and hard components, biocompatibility, environmental stability, to facilitate the further development of flexible bioelectronics.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2023.1250655</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2023.1250655</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Hybrid neuroelectronics: towards a solution-centric way of thinking about complex problems in neurostimulation tools]]></title>
        <pubdate>2023-09-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Sofia Drakopoulou</author><author>Francesc Varkevisser</author><author>Linta Sohail</author><author>Masoumeh Aqamolaei</author><author>Tiago L. Costa</author><author>George D. Spyropoulos</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Responsive neuromodulation is increasingly being used to treat patients with neuropsychiatric diseases. Yet, inefficient bridges between traditional and new materials and technological innovations impede advancements in neurostimulation tools. Signaling in the brain is accomplished predominantly by ion flux rather than the movement of electrons. However, the status quo for the acquisition of neural signals is using materials, such as noble metals, that can only interact with electrons. As a result, ions accumulate at the biotic/abiotic interface, creating a double-layer capacitance that increases impedance and negatively impacts the efficiency of neural interrogation. Alternative materials, such as conducting polymers, allow ion penetration in the matrix, creating a volumetric capacitor (two orders of magnitude larger than an area-dependent capacitor) that lowers the impedance and increases the spatiotemporal resolution of the recording/stimulation. On the other hand, the increased development and integration capabilities of CMOS-based back-end electronics have enabled the creation of increasingly powerful and energy-efficient microchips. These include stimulation and recording systems-on-a-chip (SoCs) with up to tens of thousands of channels, fully integrated circuitry for stimulation, signal conditioning, digitation, wireless power and data telemetry, and on-chip signal processing. Here, we aim to compile information on the best component for each building block and try to strengthen the vision that bridges the gap among various materials and technologies in an effort to advance neurostimulation tools and promote a solution-centric way of considering their complex problems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.836669</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.836669</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Oscillation-Based Spectroscopy for Cell-Culture Monitorization]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-07-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Pablo Pérez</author><author>Juan A. Serrano-Viseas</author><author>Santiago Fernández-Scagliusi</author><author>Daniel Martín-Fernández</author><author>Gloria Huertas</author><author>Alberto Yúfera</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Biological Impedance is a physical property related to the state and inherent evolution of biological samples. Among the existing impedance measurement methods, Oscillation-Based (OB) tests are a simple and smart solution to indirectly measure impedance correlated with the amplitude and frequency of the generated oscillation which are proportional to the sample under test. An OB test requires tuning of the system blocks to specifications derived from every measurement problem. The OB setup must be done to obtain the optimum measurement sensitivity for the specific constraints imposed by the system under test, electronic interfaces, and electrodes employed for test. This work proposes the extension of OB measurement systems to spectroscopy test, enabling a completely new range of applications for this technology without the restrictions imposed by setting a fixed frequency on the electrical oscillator. Some examples will be presented to the measurement of cell cultures samples, considering the corresponding circuit interfaces and electric models for the electrode-cell system. The proposed analysis method allows the selection of the best oscillator elements for optimum sensitivity range in amplitude and frequency oscillation values, when a specific cell culture is monitored for the OB system.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.797525</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.797525</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A New Impedance Sensor Based on Electronically Implemented Chaotic Coupled van der Pol and Damped Duffing Oscillators]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-05-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Bruna Gabriela Pedro</author><author>Pedro Bertemes-Filho</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The chaotic behaviour of a system depends on the parameter values, and when the system exhibits such a chaotic behaviour, it is sensitive to the initial conditions. This feature can be used for manufacturing high sensitivity sensors. Sensors based on chaotic circuits have already been used for measuring water salinity, inductive effects, and both noise and weak signals. This article investigates an impedance sensor based on the van der Pol and Duffing damped oscillators. The calibration process is a key point and therefore the folding behaviour of signal periods was also explored. A sensitivity of 0.15 kΩ/Period was estimated over a range from 89.5 to 91.6 kΩ. This range can be adjusted according to the application by varying the gain of the operational amplifier used in this implementation. The development of this type of sensor might be used in medical and biological engineering for skin impedance measurements, for example. This type of chaotic impedance sensor has the advantage of sensing small disturbances and then rapidly detecting small impedance changes within biological materials.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.848618</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.848618</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Multiplexing Error and Noise Reduction in Electrical Impedance Tomography Imaging]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-03-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Martina Barreiro</author><author>Pablo Sánchez</author><author>Julián Vera</author><author>Matías Viera</author><author>Isabel Morales</author><author>Antonio Hector Dell´Osa</author><author>Pedro Bertemes-Filho</author><author>Franco Simini</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Electrical Impedance Tomography design can be simplified to obtain a low cost 16 electrodes edema monitoring clinical instrument by using voltage measurement multiplexing. Multiplexers introduce errors, which we have estimated by consecutive phantom measurements both using voltage multiplexers and by selecting the electrodes by hand, all other things being the same. Noise is taken care of by averaging. The EIDORS reconstruction of the phantom with multiplexed measurements is compared to the hand-selected electrode measurements reconstruction. The difference image obtained is considered an estimation of the multiplexer induced error. This measurement error is subtracted from the multiplexed object measurement matrix, giving a modified reconstruction which is closer to the hand-selected electrodes measurement based reconstruction than the multiplexed reconstruction. The quality factor of the uncorrected multiplexer obtained image of 57% is increased to 83% which is the best increase of three methods described. This suggests the benefit of a “calibration” phase for all 16 electrodes, prior to EIT reconstruction, using a set-up-specific “error matrix” to correct the data matrix before submission to the reconstruction method.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2021.791016</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2021.791016</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A Multi-Frequency Focused Impedance Measurement System Based on Analogue Synchronous Peak Detection]]></title>
        <pubdate>2021-12-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Muhammad Abdul Kadir</author><author>Adrian J. Wilson</author><author>K. Siddique-e Rabbani</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Monitoring of anatomical structures and physiological processes by electrical impedance has attracted scientists as it is noninvasive, nonionizing and the instrumentation is relatively simple. Focused Impedance Method (FIM) is attractive in this context, as it has enhanced sensitivity at the central region directly beneath the electrode configuration minimizing contribution from neighboring regions. FIM essentially adds or averages two concentric and orthogonal combinations of conventional Tetrapolar Impedance Measurements (TPIM) and has three versions with 4, 6, and 8 electrodes. This paper describes the design and testing of a multi-frequency FIM (MFFIM) system capable of measuring all three versions of FIM at 8 frequencies in the range 10 kHz—1 MHz. A microcontroller based multi-frequency signal generator and a balanced Howland current source with high output impedance (476 kΩ at 10 kHz and 58.3 kΩ at 1 MHz) were implemented for driving currents into biological tissues with an error <1%. The measurements were carried out at each frequency sequentially. The peak values of the amplified voltage signals were measured using a novel analogue synchronous peak detection technique from which the transfer impedances were obtained. The developed system was tested using TPIM measurements on a passive RC Cole network placed between two RC networks, the latter representing skin-electrode contact impedances. Overall accuracy of the measurement was very good (error <4% at all frequencies except 1 MHz, with error 6%) and the resolution was 0.1 Ω. The designed MFFIM system had a sampling rate of >45 frames per second which was deemed adequate for noninvasive real-time impedance measurements on biological tissues.]]></description>
      </item>
      </channel>
    </rss>