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        <title>Frontiers in Electronics | Flexible and Printed Electronics section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/electronics/sections/flexible-and-printed-electronics</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Flexible and Printed Electronics section in the Frontiers in Electronics journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-06T08:38:08.165+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2025.1697449</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2025.1697449</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Printed RFID systems for sustainable IoT: synergistic advances in conductive inks, antenna architectures, and scalable manufacturing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Xintai Wang</author><author>Maksim Kuznetcov</author><author>Wenfeng Jiang</author><author>Zhongyu Tang</author><author>Zhangchenyu Wei</author><author>Aili Zhang</author><author>Naixu Wei</author><author>Xiaoying Li</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This review investigates the revolutionary potential of printed RFID technology in enabling next-generation IoT systems through sustainable manufacturing. The analysis systematically evaluates emerging conductive ink formulations, including metallic nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, MXenes, and hybrid composites, while assessing their performance trade-offs in electrical conductivity, environmental stability, and printing compatibility. Fundamental design strategies for high-performance antennas are examined, focusing on impedance matching optimization, radiation pattern control, and substrate-material synergy. Advances in printing methodologies such as inkjet deposition, screen printing, and direct ink writing are comparatively analyzed, with particular attention to the trade-off between performance and efficiency in high-resolution patterning versus industrial-scale production. Technical bottlenecks restricting commercial application are critically evaluated, emphasizing material property limitations and performance variations induced by the printing process. Finally, the study proposes three synergistic innovation pathways: intelligent material discovery through machine learning algorithms, multi-parameter simulation-guided antenna design, and hybrid manufacturing integrating multiple printing technologies. These integrated approaches aim to accelerate the transition from prototype development to industrial deployment of printed RFID systems. This comprehensive assessment provides actionable insights for advancing eco-friendly, mass-producible RFID solutions that meet the escalating demands of ubiquitous IoT connectivity across various smart environments.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2025.1528802</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2025.1528802</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Functional materials-enabled flexible electronic skin for flow field decoding]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-04-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Xiaohe Hu</author><author>Sheng Guo</author><author>Yaqiong Chen</author><author>Fuqun Zhao</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Flexible electronic skin has garnered significant interest due to its promising applications in underwater robotics, aircraft monitoring systems, and human healthcare systems. A critical requirement for flexible electronic skin is to exhibit high sensitivity, stretchability, and stability. Functional materials, as essential components of flexible electronic skin, significantly influence the overall performance of the device. Consequently, a variety of material and structural designs have been developed to enhance the performance of functional materials. This perspective delves into recent advances in the development of functional materials and engineering strategies that endow electronic skin with sensitivity, stretchability, and stability. The applications of the smart electronic skin for precise decoding of flow field are highlighted. Finally, a forward-looking perspective is provided on the future of flexible electronic skin for flow field decoding, which outlines the challenges and opportunities for ongoing research and innovation in this field.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2025.1507644</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2025.1507644</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Stable heteroclinic channels for controlling a simulated aquatic serpentine robot in narrow crevices]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-02-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Nathaniel Mengers</author><author>Natasha Rouse</author><author>Kathryn A. Daltorio</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Stable Heteroclinic Channels (SHCs) are dynamical systems composed of connected saddle equilibria. This work demonstrates a control system that combines SHCs with movement primitives to enable swimming in a simulated six segment snake robot. We identify control system parameters for lateral undulation, where all joints oscillate with the same amplitude, and anguilliform swimming, where joint amplitudes increase linearly from the head to the tail. Swimming speed is improved by learning SHC movement primitive parameters. We also propose a method for adapting the gait amplitude and frequency with tactile sensor input to accommodate obstacles. Then, we evaluate the relationship between SHC movement primitive parameters and the resulting trajectories. The swimming speed and efficiency of SHC controllers for each gait are compared against a conventional serpenoid controller, which derives joint trajectories from sinusoids. Controllers are evaluated first in an unobstructed environment, then in straight passages of various widths, and finally in 65 randomly generated uneven channels. We find that the amplitudes of joint oscillations scale proportionally with the SHC controller parameters. Due to gait optimization, as well as adaptive amplitude and frequency in response to tactile input, the learned SHC control system exhibits an average 28.8% greater speed than a serpenoid controller that only adapts amplitude during contact. This research demonstrates that SHCs benefit from intuitive tuning like serpenoid control, while also effectively incorporating sensory information to generate smooth kinematic trajectories.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.985681</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.985681</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Biodegradable polymeric materials for flexible and degradable electronics]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-09-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Zhiqiang Zhai</author><author>Xiaosong Du</author><author>Yin Long</author><author>Heng Zheng</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Biodegradable electronics have great potential to reduce the environmental footprint of electronic devices and to avoid secondary removal of implantable health monitors and therapeutic electronics. Benefiting from the intensive innovation on biodegradable nanomaterials, current transient electronics can realize full components’ degradability. However, design of materials with tissue-comparable flexibility, desired dielectric properties, suitable biocompatibility and programmable biodegradability will always be a challenge to explore the subtle trade-offs between these parameters. In this review, we firstly discuss the general chemical structure and degradation behavior of polymeric biodegradable materials that have been widely studied for various applications. Then, specific properties of different degradable polymer materials such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and flexibility were compared and evaluated for real-life applications. Complex biodegradable electronics and related strategies with enhanced functionality aimed for different components including substrates, insulators, conductors and semiconductors in complex biodegradable electronics are further researched and discussed. Finally, typical applications of biodegradable electronics in sensing, therapeutic drug delivery, energy storage and integrated electronic systems are highlighted. This paper critically reviews the significant progress made in the field and highlights the future prospects.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.872163</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.872163</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Transmission Electron Microscopy Study on the Effect of Thermal and Electrical Stimuli on Ge2Te3 Based Memristor Devices]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-04-26T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Austin Shallcross</author><author>Krishnamurthy Mahalingam</author><author>Eunsung Shin</author><author>Guru Subramanyam</author><author>Md Shahanur Alam</author><author>Tarek Taha</author><author>Sabyasachi Ganguli</author><author>Cynthia Bowers</author><author>Benson Athey</author><author>Albert Hilton</author><author>Ajit Roy</author><author>Rohan Dhall</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Memristor devices fabricated using the chalcogenide Ge2Te3 phase change thin films in a metal-insulator-metal structure are characterized using thermal and electrical stimuli in this study. Once the thermal and electrical stimuli are applied, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) analyses are performed to determine structural and compositional changes in the devices. Electrical measurements on these devices showed a need for increasing compliance current between cycles to initiate switching from low resistance state (LRS) to high resistance state (HRS). The measured resistance in HRS also exhibited a steady decrease with increase in the compliance current. High resolution TEM studies on devices in HRS showed the presence of residual crystalline phase at the top-electrode/dielectric interface, which may explain the observed dependence on compliance current. XEDS study revealed diffusion related processes at dielectric-electrode interface characterized, by the separation of Ge2Te3 into Ge- and Te- enriched interfacial layers. This was also accompanied by spikes in O level at these regions. Furthermore, in-situ heating experiments on as-grown thin films revealed a deleterious effect of Ti adhesive layer, wherein the in-diffusion of Ti leads to further degradation of the dielectric layer. This experimental physics-based study shows that the large HRS/LRS ratio below the current compliance limit of 1 mA and the ability to control the HRS and LRS by varying the compliance current are attractive for memristor and neuromorphic computing applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.869013</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.869013</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Reservoir Computing for Temporal Data Classification Using a Dynamic Solid Electrolyte ZnO Thin Film Transistor]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-04-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ankit Gaurav</author><author>Xiaoyao Song</author><author>Sanjeev Manhas</author><author>Aditya Gilra</author><author>Eleni Vasilaki</author><author>Partha Roy</author><author>Maria Merlyne De Souza</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The processing of sequential and temporal data is essential to computer vision and speech recognition, two of the most common applications of artificial intelligence (AI). Reservoir computing (RC) is a branch of AI that offers a highly efficient framework for processing temporal inputs at a low training cost compared to conventional Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). However, despite extensive effort, two-terminal memristor-based reservoirs have, until now, been implemented to process sequential data by reading their conductance states only once, at the end of the entire sequence. This method reduces the dimensionality, related to the number of signals from the reservoir and thereby lowers the overall performance of reservoir systems. Higher dimensionality facilitates the separation of originally inseparable inputs by reading out from a larger set of spatiotemporal features of inputs. Moreover, memristor-based reservoirs either use multiple pulse rates, fast or slow read (immediately or with a delay introduced after the end of the sequence), or excitatory pulses to enhance the dimensionality of reservoir states. This adds to the complexity of the reservoir system and reduces power efficiency. In this paper, we demonstrate the first reservoir computing system based on a dynamic three terminal solid electrolyte ZnO/Ta2O5 Thin-film Transistor fabricated at less than 100°C. The inherent nonlinearity and dynamic memory of the device lead to a rich separation property of reservoir states that results in, to our knowledge, the highest accuracy of 94.44%, using electronic charge-based system, for the classification of hand-written digits. This improvement is attributed to an increase in the dimensionality of the reservoir by reading the reservoir states after each pulse rather than at the end of the sequence. The third terminal enables a read operation in the off state, that is when no pulse is applied at the gate terminal, via a small read pulse at the drain. This fundamentally allows multiple read operations without increasing energy consumption, which is not possible in the conventional two-terminal memristor counterpart. Further, we have also shown that devices do not saturate even after multiple write pulses which demonstrates the device’s ability to process longer sequences.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.813535</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.813535</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Solution-Processed Titanium Dioxide Ion-Gated Transistors and Their Application for pH Sensing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-03-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Arunprabaharan Subramanian</author><author>Mona Azimi</author><author>Cheng Yee Leong</author><author>Siew Ling Lee</author><author>Clara Santato</author><author>Fabio Cicoira</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an abundant metal oxide, widely used in food industry, cosmetics, medicine, water treatment and electronic devices. TiO2 is of interest for next-generation indium-free thin-film transistors and ion-gated transistors due to its tunable optoelectronic properties, ambient stability, and solution processability. In this work, we fabricated TiO2 films using a wet chemical approach and demonstrated their transistor behavior with room temperature ionic liquids and aqueous electrolytes. In addition, we demonstrated the pH sensing behavior of the TiO2 IGTs with a sensitivity of ∼48 mV/pH. Furthermore, we demonstrated a low temperature (120°C), solution processed TiO2-based IGTs on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, which were stable under moderate tensile bending.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.838472</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2022.838472</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Paper and Salt: Biodegradable NaCl-Based Humidity Sensors for Sustainable Electronics]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-03-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Aniello Falco</author><author>Antonio Marín-Sánchez</author><author>Florin C. Loghin</author><author>Encarnación Castillo</author><author>Alfonso Salinas-Castillo</author><author>José F. Salmerón</author><author>Almudena Rivadeneyra</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Flexible and thin-film humidity sensors are currently attracting the attention of the scientific community due to their portability and reduced size, which are highly useful traits for use in the Internet o Things (IoT) industry. Furthermore, in order to perform efficient and profitable mass production, it is necessary to develop a cost-effective and reproducible fabrication process and materials. Green fabrication methods and biodegradable materials would also minimize the environmental impact and create a sustainable IoT development. In this paper, flexible humidity sensors based on a common salt (NaCl) sensing layer are reported. Our sensors and the fabrication techniques employed, such as dip and spray coating, provide a biodegradable, low cost, and highly reproducible device. One of the sensors reported presents a typical resistive behaviour from 40% RH up to 85% RH with a sensitivity of −0.21 (Z/%RH). The performance of the sensors obtained with several fabrication techniques is studied and reported at multiple frequencies from 100 Hz to 10 MHz, showcasing its versatility and robustness.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2021.804474</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2021.804474</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Engineering Bilayer AlOx /YAlOx Dielectric Stacks for Hysteresis-Free Switching in Solution-Processed Metal-Oxide Thin-Film Transistors]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-01-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sami Bolat</author><author>Evangelos Agiannis</author><author>Shih-Chi Yang</author><author>Moritz H. Futscher</author><author>Abdesselam Aribia</author><author>Ivan Shorubalko</author><author>Yaroslav E. Romanyuk</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Solution processing and low-temperature annealing (T < 300°C) of the precursor compounds promise low-cost manufacturing for future applications of flexible oxide electronics. However, thermal budget reduction comes at the expense of increased charge trapping residuals in the dielectric layers, which result in hysteretic switching of transistors. This work reports on a novel bilayer dielectric scheme combining aluminum oxide (AlOx) as a positive charge trapping insulator and yttrium aluminum oxide (YAlOx) as a negative charge trapping dielectric to obtain hysteresis free switching in the solution-processed metal-oxide thin-film transistors. Devices were processed at a thermal budget of 250°C, without an encapsulation layer. The presence of H+ and OH− in the AlOx were found responsible for the hysteresis in the switching, which was suppressed successfully with the thickness optimization of the YAlOx in the dielectric stack. Fabricated devices yield ON/OFF ratios of 106, sub-pA level gate leakage currents, a subthreshold swing of 150 mV/decade, and field-effect mobility of 1.5 cm2/V-sec.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2021.786601</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2021.786601</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The Influence of Climate Conditions and On-Skin Positioning on InGaZnO Thin-Film Transistor Performance]]></title>
        <pubdate>2022-01-06T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Federica Catania</author><author>Hugo De Souza Oliveira</author><author>Martina A. Costa Angeli</author><author>Manuela Ciocca</author><author>Salvador Pané</author><author>Niko Münzenrieder</author><author>Giuseppe Cantarella</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) have proved promising features for flexible and lightweight electronics. To achieve technological maturity for commercial and industrial applications, their stability under extreme environmental conditions is highly required. The combined effects of temperature (T) from −30.0°C to 50.0°C and relative humidity (RH) stress from 0 to 95% on a-IGZO TFT is presented. The TFT performances and the parameters variation were analysed in two different experiments. First, the TFT response was extracted while undergoing the most extreme climate conditions on Earth, ranging from the African Desert (50.0°C, 22%) to Antarctic (−30.0°C, 0%). Afterwards, the device functionality was demonstrated in three parts of the human body (forehand, arm and foot) at low (35%), medium (60%) and high (95%) relative humidity for on-skin and wearable applications. The sensitivity to T/RH variations suggests the suitability of these TFTs as sensing element for epidermal electronics and artificial skin.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2021.802356</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2021.802356</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Bio-Compatible Sensor for Middle Ear Pressure Monitoring on a Bio-Degradable Substrate]]></title>
        <pubdate>2021-12-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Klara Mosshammer</author><author>Theresa Lüdke</author><author>Sarah Spitzner</author><author>Daniel Firzlaff</author><author>Kathrin Harre</author><author>Hans Kleemann</author><author>Marcus Neudert</author><author>Thomas Zahnert</author><author>Karl Leo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Hypotension in the middle ear can cause serious diseases and hearing disorders. Until now, pressure in the middle ear is measured indirectly by using the impedance of the tympanic membrane (tympanometry). Direct methods are just described in scientific studies and would be harmful in clinical routine. Here, we demonstrate a bio-compatible pressure sensor, which can resolve pressure changes in the range of −7.5 kPa up to +7.5 kPa, and due to its compact design (area of 2 × 4 mm2), can be directly implanted in the human middle ear. Furthermore, the read-out of the pressure sensor can be conveniently done using wireless data communication technologies employing a plate capacitor with an elastic dielectric for pressure monitoring and a planar coil. Thus, our sensor allows for direct pressure measurements in the middle ear, avoiding additional surgeries after device implantation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2021.797308</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2021.797308</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Mechanical Stress Stability of Flexible Amorphous Zinc Tin Oxide Thin-Film Transistors]]></title>
        <pubdate>2021-12-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Oliver Lahr</author><author>Max Steudel</author><author>Holger von Wenckstern</author><author>Marius Grundmann</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Due to their low-temperature processing capability and ionic bonding configuration, amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOS) are well suited for applications within future mechanically flexible electronics. Over the past couple of years, amorphous zinc tin oxide (ZTO) has been proposed as indium and gallium-free and thus more sustainable alternative to the widely deployed indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO). The present study specifically focuses on the strain-dependence of elastic and electrical properties of amorphous zinc tin oxide thin-films sputtered at room temperature. Corresponding MESFETs have been compared regarding their operation stability under mechanical bending for radii ranging from 5 to 2 mm. Force-spectroscopic measurements yield a plastic deformation of ZTO as soon as the bending-induced strain exceeds 0.83 %. However, the electrical properties of ZTO determined by Hall effect measurements at room temperature are demonstrated to be unaffected by residual compressive and tensile strain up to 1.24 %. Even for the maximum investigated tensile strain of 1.26 %, the MESFETs exhibit a reasonably consistent performance in terms of current on/off ratios between six and seven orders of magnitude, a subthreshold swing around 350 mV/dec and a field-effect mobility as high as 7.5 cm2V−1s−1. Upon gradually subjecting the transistors to higher tensile strain, the channel conductivity steadily improves and consequently, the field-effect mobility increases by nearly 80 % while bending the devices around a radius of 2 mm. Further, a reversible threshold voltage shift of about −150 mV with increasing strain is observable. Overall, amorphous ZTO provides reasonably stable electrical properties and device performance for bending-induced tensile strain up to at least 1.26 % and thus represent a promising material of choice considering novel bendable and transparent electronics.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2021.753145</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2021.753145</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Electrical Modelling of In-Vivo Impedance Spectroscopy of Nicotiana tabacum Plants]]></title>
        <pubdate>2021-09-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Lee Bar-On</author><author>Umberto Garlando</author><author>Marios Sophocleous</author><author>Aakash Jog</author><author>Paolo Motto Ros</author><author>Nir Sade</author><author>Adi Avni</author><author>Yosi Shacham-Diamand</author><author>Danilo Demarchi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Electrical impedance spectroscopy has been suggested as a sensing method for plants. Here, a theoretical approach for electrical conduction via the plant stem is presented and validated, linking its living electrical characteristics to its internal structure. An electrical model for the alternating current conduction and the associated impedance in a live plant stem is presented. The model accounts for biological and geometrical attributes. It uses the electrically prevalent coupled transmission line model approach for a simplified description of the complicated vessel structure. It considers the electrode coupling to the plant stem (either Galvanic or Faradic), and accounts for the different interactions of the setup. Then the model is simplified using the lumped element approach. The model is then validated using a four-point probe impedance spectroscopy method, where the probes are galvanically coupled to the stem of Nicotiana tabacum plants. The electrical impedance data was collected continuously and the results exhibit an excellent fitting to the theoretical model, with a fitting error of less than 1.5% for data collected on various days and plants. A parametric evaluation of the fitting corresponds to the proposed physically based model, therefore providing a baseline for future plant sensor design.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2020.594003</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/felec.2020.594003</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Flexible Electronics: Status, Challenges and Opportunities]]></title>
        <pubdate>2020-09-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Specialty Grand Challenge</category>
        <author>Daniel Corzo</author><author>Guillermo Tostado-Blázquez</author><author>Derya Baran</author>
        <description></description>
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