AUTHOR=Cardona Zulma , Sosman Jeffrey A. , Chandra Sunandana , Huang Wenyu 

TITLE=Endocrine side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Endocrinology

VOLUME=Volume 14 - 2023

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1157805

DOI=10.3389/fendo.2023.1157805

ISSN=1664-2392

ABSTRACT=Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been increasingly the mainstay of treatment of various malignancies with success. However, due to their association with autoimmunity, ICIs have resulted in a variety of side effects that involve multiple organs including the endocrine system. In this review article, we describe our current understanding of the autoimmune endocrinopathies as a result of the use of ICIs. We will review epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of the most commonly encountered endocrinopathies including thyroiditis, hypophysitis, Type 1 diabetes, adrenalitis, central diabetes insipidus.