AUTHOR=Teoli Jordan , Mallet Delphine , Renault Lucie , Gay Claire-Lise , Labrune Elsa , Bretones Patricia , Giscard D’Estaing Sandrine , Cuzin Béatrice , Dijoud Frédérique , Roucher-Boulez Florence , Plotton Ingrid 

TITLE=Case Report: Longitudinal follow-up and testicular sperm extraction in a patient with a pathogenic NR5A1 (SF-1) frameshift variant: p.(Phe70Serfs*5)

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Endocrinology

VOLUME=Volume 14 - 2023

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1171822

DOI=10.3389/fendo.2023.1171822

ISSN=1664-2392

ABSTRACT=Background: 
Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1), encoded by the Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1 (NR5A1) gene, is a transcriptional factor crucial for adrenal and gonadal organogenesis. Pathogenic variants of NR5A1 are responsible for a wide spectrum of phenotypes with autosomal dominant inheritance including disorders of sex development, and oligospermia-azoospermia in 46,XY adults. Preservation of fertility remains challenging in these patients. 
Objective: 
The aim was to offer fertility preservation at the end of puberty in a NR5A1 mutated patient. 
Case report: 
The patient was born of non-consanguineous parents, with a disorder of sex development, a small genital bud, a perineal hypospadias, gonads in the left labioscrotal fold and the right inguinal region. Neither uterus nor vagina were detected. The karyotype was 46,XY. AMH and testosterone levels were low indicating testis dysgenesis. The child was raised as a boy. At 9 years old (y-o), he presented with a precocious puberty treated by triptorelin. At puberty, FSH, LH, and testosterone levels increased whereas AMH, inhibin B, and testicular volume were low suggesting an impaired Sertoli cell function and a partially preserved Leydig cell function.
Genetic study, performed at almost 15 y-o, identified the new frameshift variant NM_004959.5: c.207del p.(Phe70Serfs*5) at a heterozygous state. He was thus addressed for fertility preservation. No sperm cells could be retrieved from three semen collections between 16 years and 4 months old to 16 years and 10 months old. A conventional bilateral testicular biopsy and testicular sperm extraction was performed at 17 years and 10 months but no sperm cells were found. Histological analysis revealed an aspect of mosaicism with seminiferous tubules that were either atrophic, with Sertoli cells only, or presenting an arrest of spermatogenesis at the spermatocyte stage.
Conclusion: 
We report a case with a new NR5A1 variant. The fertility preservation protocol proposed at the end of puberty did not allow any sperm retrieval for a future parenthood.