AUTHOR=Toft Pernille Baumann , Vanslette Amanda Marie , Trošt Kajetan , Moritz Thomas , Gillum Matthew Paul , Bäckhed Fredrik , Arora Tulika 

TITLE=Microbial metabolite p-cresol inhibits gut hormone expression and regulates small intestinal transit in mice

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Endocrinology

VOLUME=Volume 14 - 2023

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1200391

DOI=10.3389/fendo.2023.1200391

ISSN=1664-2392

ABSTRACT=p-cresol is a metabolite produced by microbial metabolism of aromatic amino acid tyrosine. pcresol and its conjugated forms, p-cresyl sulfate and p-cresyl glucunoride are uremic toxins that correlates positively with chronic kidney disease and diabetes pathogenesis. However, how p-cresol affects gut hormones is unclear. Here, we expose immortalized GLUTag cells to increasing concentrations of p-cresol and found that p-cresol inhibited Gcg expression and reduced GLP-1 secretion in vitro. In mice, administration of p-cresol in the drinking water for two weeks reduced transcript levels of Gcg and other gut hormones in the colon; however, it did not affect either fasting or glucose induced plasma GLP-1 levels. Furthermore, it did not affect glucose tolerance, but promoted faster small intestinal transit in mice. Overall, our data suggests that microbial metabolite p-cresol suppresses transcript level of gut hormones and regulates small intestinal transit in mice.