AUTHOR=Amirkalali Bahareh , Hassanzadeh Parvin , Sheikholmolooki Fatemeh , Gholizadeh Esmaeel , Doustmohammadian Azam , Safarnezhad Tameshkel Fahimeh , Motamed Nima , Maadi Mansooreh , Sohrabi Masoudreza , Sobhrakhshankhah Elham , Zamani Farhad , Ajdarkosh Hossein 

TITLE=The crucial role of hypertension in determining latent classes of metabolic syndrome in northern Iran and predictive power of these classes in non-alcoholic fatty liver: a gender-based insight

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Endocrinology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1405833

DOI=10.3389/fendo.2025.1405833

ISSN=1664-2392

ABSTRACT=IntroductionThis study investigates the subclasses of metabolic syndrome (Mets) and their relationship with non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) and the probable predictive role of serum vitamin D and CRP levels.MethodsThis community-based, cross-sectional study was performed on adults in the framework of the Amol cohort prospective study (AmolCPS). Mets was defined as Adult Treatment Panel III criteria (ATP III) and ultrasound was used to diagnose NAFLD. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were conducted, and biochemical measurements were assessed after fasting. Data analysis included Latent class analysis, two-tailed χ2 statistics, one-way analysis of variance, and logistic regression using Mplus (version 7.4) and spss (version 26) softwares.ResultsThe study involved 2308 participants, with a mean age of 43.17 ± 12.30 years. Mets prevalence was 25.64%, with three identified classes: Mets with Hypertension (HTN), Mets without HTN (Non-HTN), and Low Risk. Mets with HTN had a high probability of at least four components, particularly high SBP. Non-HTN had at least three high probable components, especially high TG and low HDL but not high SBP and DBP. The low-risk class had a low probability of all components except low HDL in women. Serum vitamin D and CRP levels did not significantly predict Mets classes in men, while CRP level significantly predicted the HTN class in women (OR:1.03, CI:1.004-1.067). Both HTN, and Non-HTN Mets classes significantly increased the odds of NAFLD compared to the low risk class, especially in women (HTN class OR: 4.20 vs 2.94; non-HTN class OR: 5.60 vs 3.12 in women and men respectively).ConclusionThe latent class analysis in northern Iran identified three Mets classes: HTN, Non-HTN, and low-risk, with hypertension playing a crucial role in determining these classes. These classes were stronger predictors of NAFLD in women. Serum CRP and vitamin D levels did not emerge as significant predictors of the classes, except for serum CRP in the HTN class among women.