AUTHOR=Magallares Berta , Cerdá Dacia , Betancourt Jocelyn , Fraga Gloria , Park HyeSang , Codes-Méndez Helena , Quesada-Masachs Estefanía , López-Corbeto Mireia , Torrent Montserrat , Marín Ana , Herrera Silvia , Gich Ignasi , Boronat Susana , Casademont Jordi , Corominas Héctor , Malouf Jorge 

TITLE=Risk factors associated with low bone mineral density and childhood osteoporosis in a population undergoing skeletal growth: a cross-sectional analytic study

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Endocrinology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1587985

DOI=10.3389/fendo.2025.1587985

ISSN=1664-2392

ABSTRACT=BackgroundEarly identification of risk factors for low bone mass for chronological age (LBMca) and childhood osteoporosis (cOP) in patients undergoing skeletal growth is essential to mitigate long-term skeletal complications. cOP is diagnosed when LBMca (BMD Z-score ≤2) is accompanied by a clinically significant fracture history, or when vertebral fragility fractures are present.MethodsPatients under 21 years of age with at least one risk factor for LBMca (malabsorption syndrome, chronic inflammatory diseases, hematological diseases, endocrinopathies, drugs that affect bone metabolism, or insufficient calcium intake) were included. Data on fractures history and physical activity levels were collected. Spine and whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and vertebral morphometry were performed. Age-adjusted linear regression analysis evaluated associations between bone mineral density (BMD) and risk factors.ResultsA total of 103 patients were included (mean age 9.8 years; 52.4% female), and 96.1% had more than two risk factors. The prevalence of LBMca was 10.5% and the prevalence of cOP was 4.8%. Vertebral BMD was positively associated with male sex. Whole body BMD was negatively associated with sedentary lifestyle and fracture history. Total body less head BMD showed negative associations with current steroid treatment, sedentary lifestyle, and history of fractures.ConclusionsPediatric populations at risk of LBMca or cOP often have multiple risk factors, notably modifying ones such as physical inactivity. Up to 10.5% of children with risk factors present LBMca and 4.8% have an undiagnosed or unknown cOP. Longitudinal studies are warranted to understand the long-term impact of the identified risk factors, including age, sex, sedentary lifestyle, ethnicity and vitamin D status, on bone health.