The solar thermal radiations are the leading source of solar energy which has paramount importance in the modern technological world. It has wider applications in aerospace sciences, paint industries, electronics, and biomedical engineering. To enhance thermal energy, several conventional solar power plants were established. Although their prices and efficiencies are not human-friendly, yet, with the passage of time, these become more effective by inducing modern technologies in the solar plants regarding their thermal performance. The utilization of solar thermal radiation in the power plant industries remains a well-intentioned motive of the researchers and scientists. Execution of the power generation system and exergy analysis was reported by Wu et al. (2020). In 2021, Benhadji Serradj et al. (2021) discussed the design and performance of the parabolic trough collector plant. Utilization of the hybrid random vector for the optimized model was reported by Zayed et al. (2021).

The unrestricted approachability of solar thermal energy points innovative green technology appearance very talented concerning affordability, sustainability, protection, and spotless means of transportation. To build a solar aircraft that has much ability of energy storage through solar-powered aircraft technique contains photo-voltaic cells, rechargeable batteries, and a maximum power point tracker. These cells joined with trough of aircraft wing through which solar energy transforms into electrical energy and then is utilized to enhance the efficiency of the aircraft force system and avionics. A Swiss aeronaut, Bertrand Piccard, and a professional pilot, Andre Borschberg, significantly contributed to the development of solar aircraft. After their untiring efforts, finally they built fuel-less and environment-friendly aircraft consisting of a single seat. The major characteristic of the aircraft is solar energy playing the role of fuel for structured aircraft, due to which it is pollution free.

For said purpose, the aircraft is designed in such a way that photovoltaic cells adjusted under the craft wings act as the source of power for electric motors. Finally, the propellers in rotation gained mechanical energy produced by the motors and attained the desired kinetic energy. A historical perspective and future challenges in solar base airplanes were examined by Zhu et al. (2014). The study related to solar aircraft systems is discussed in the study by Abbe and Smith (2016). Furthermore, a comprehensive review for various methods to extract energy for solar aircraft was described by Gao et al. (2015). The flight efficiency of solar aircraft primarily depends on the power relevant to suitably choosing PV cells and weight. In order to achieve higher efficiency of solar aircraft, various technologies and materials have been examined. The aero dynamists are still working to improve the efficiency of solar aircraft by modifying PV cells. It is interesting to know that it utilized the Sun as an energy source in day-time and provided energy to the schemes at night-time. The schematic of the solar aircraft is depicted in Figure 1A.

In the designing of solar aircraft, parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) is the most imperative skill; so far, they broadly used the other-directed solar power systems. Some imperative investigations of improved efficiency of solar aircraft associated with latest modern world technologies were described by Malan and Kumar (2021) and Goudarzi et al. (2020), respectively. In the organized study, our core concern will be the analysis of solar thermal efficiency of aircraft (STA). Thermal performance for the parabolic trough collector was explored in the study by Mwesigye and Yılmaz (2020). Another comparative investigation for three different solar aircraft was discussed in the study by Atiz (2020). An experimental study for parabolic collectors with direct flow was reported by Rezaeian et al. (2021).

Thermodynamics featuring in solar instruments can be improved effectively through nanoliquids coating. In which one of the significant ways is to induce nanofluid with functioning fluid due to which thermal performance of the device becomes progressive. Lately, researchers observed that the efficiency of solar refrigeration structure (SRS), solar devices (SDs), and water heater solar cells (WHSCs) may be upturned if the nanomaterials of high thermal conductance are utilized in the manufacturing of aforementioned modern devices. It was challenging to point out the nanomaterials that are most appropriate for these devices. The numerical and experimental inspection of nanofluids by taking two different base solvents (water and ethylene glycol) was discussed in the study by Kazem et al. (2021). The study of solar thermal systems by considering phase change material was reported by Ndukwu et al. (2021). A review of nanotechnology applications in solar thermal systems was done in the study by Alktranee and Bencs (2021). The used nanomaterials are of various metals and oxides composed by them like ZnO, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, Fe, ND, Cu, and CuO. Despite this, there is another solid material commonly called carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (Bellos et al., 2018) which are further characterized as MWCNTs and SWCNTs, beneficial for thermal transport in SDs. These materials have very small diameter due to which these dissolved uniformly in regular liquids and enriched its thermal performance. The superior heat transport properties of nanoliquids strengthen their roots in various industries and are reported in the study by Zaharil (2021). The applications of nanotechnology under various circumstances for parabolic trough collectors are examined in the study by Ebrazeh and Sheikholeslami (2020).

The investigation of energy and entropy generation attracted researchers and scientists of the modern world. They thought that these features significantly alter due to the usage of new generation of regular liquids called nanoliquids. Earlier studies in this era were reported by Yejjer et al. (2017). The study of entropy for cylindrical pipes under the influence of nanofluids was deeply discussed by Ghanbarpour and Khodabandeh (2015). Recently, Shahzad et al. (2021) reported the dynamics of nanoliquids by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and found high thermal performance under certain flow conditions.

The influence of applied Lorentz forces on the flow behavior and heat transfer in the nanofluid in cavity was reported in by Benos and Sarris (2019). The dynamics of hybrid nanofluids (synthesized by aluminum and copper nanoparticles) with mixed convection and entropy analysis were examined by Li et al. (2021). Recently, Jamshed et al. (2021) explored the heat transfer inspection for second-grade fluid through a single phase model. Another imperative investigation of nanofluids’ thermal performance by inducing the KKL model in the constitutive relations was reported by Kumar et al. (2021). The study for the nanoliquid composed by nickel ferrite and manganese ferrite by taking water as a base solvent was described by Song et al. (2021).

This study is organized to improve the heat transfer over a permeable surface coated with nanoliquid dispersed by γ-nanomaterial. The influences of solar thermal radiations and viscous dissipation will be imposed over a convective. Then a mathematical nanofluid model will be attained and treated numerically. After that, for actual effects of aforesaid physical quantities on the energy efficiency and drag forces will be plotted within the feasible region and discussed deeply.

To summarize the influences of various flow parameters, it is significant to analyze the corresponding mathematical model numerically. The modeled equations in engineering and other practical problems are coupled extremely nonlinearly on the bases of the flow scenario. The mathematical techniques based on approximate solutions are inadequate regarding the convergence due to which scientists and researchers prefer numerical treatment of the model. This technique is applicable when a higher-order system of ODEs is transformed into its subsystem of first-order ODEs. For this, a set of supporting transformations is required as below: F = ğ 1 ∗ , F ′ = ğ 2 ∗ , F ′′ = ğ 3 ∗ , F ′′′= ğ 3 ∗ ′ , β ′ = ğ 7 ∗ , β ′ = ğ 8 ∗ ′ , β ′′ = ğ 8 ∗ ′ . (19) The model is then reduced in the following version: ğ 3 ∗ ′ + ( 123 ϕ 2 + 7.3 ϕ + 1 ) ( 1 − ϕ + ϕ ρ ^ ( γ A l 2 O 3 ) n p ρ ^ ( H 2 O ) b f ) − 1   ( ğ 1 ∗ ğ 3 ∗ − ğ 3 ∗ 2 ) − K 1 ğ 2 ∗ = 0 , (20) ğ 8 ′ ∗ ( 1 + P r R d ( 4.97 ϕ 2 + 2.72 ϕ + 1 ) ) + Pr ( ( 1 − ϕ ) + ϕ ( ρ C p ) ( γ A l 2 O 3 ) n p ( ρ C p ) ( H 2 O ) b f ) ( 4.97 ϕ 2 + 2.72 ϕ + 1 ) ( ğ 1 ∗ ğ 8 ∗ − ğ 2 ∗ ğ 7 ∗ + E c ( 123 ϕ 2 + 7.3 ϕ + 1 ) ( ( 1 − ϕ ) + ϕ ( ρ C p ) ( γ A l 2 O 3 ) n p ( ρ C p ) ( H 2 O ) b f ) ğ 2 ∗ 3 − Ε ˜ ( ğ 2 ∗ ğ 1 ∗ ğ 8 ∗ + ğ 8 ∗ ğ 1 ∗ 2 ) ) = 0. (21) The transformed model is then coded in MATHEMATICA 10.0 and the graphical results furnished.

This analysis concerns the heat transport inspection in γAl 2 O 3 − H 2 O nanofluid over a permeable convective surface. The model is properly obtained using similarity equations and empirical correlations of nanofluids and then solved numerically. The significant effects of velocity slip and porosity are incorporated in the flow model for convective surface. From the analysis, it was found that fluid motion decreases with an increase in porosity, slip parameter, and volumetric fraction ( ϕ ). The significant contribution of B 1 (Biot number) is reported, and optimum temperature variations near the surface are examined. The temperature of the nanofluid enhances stronger thermal radiations (Rd) and viscous dissipation effects (Ec), whereas a positive effect of temperature is observed against slip parameter. The entropy optimization improved against Brinkman and porosity parameters for the nanofluid. The nanofluids have better heat transport than regular liquids, and these could be very helpful in overcoming the heat transfer issues.