AUTHOR=Rafiee Hamed , Karami Omid , Kazempour Kahriz Atabak , Shakeri Bostanabad Reza , Kermani Alireza 

TITLE=Harvesting energy’s worth: an economic assessment of energy at wheat farms

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Energy Research

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/energy-research/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2025.1522280

DOI=10.3389/fenrg.2025.1522280

ISSN=2296-598X

ABSTRACT=Spurred by the need to produce more food for a growing population, the agricultural sector has recently become much more resource-hungry and energy-intensive. Mismanagement and inefficiency in energy (and resource) consumption have conspicuously increased agriculture’s footprint over time. Energy use optimization necessitates a careful study of the patterns of energy and resource consumption in agriculture. This study aims to quantify the energy required for irrigated and dryland wheat production in five large wheat-producer provinces in Iran, estimating the economic value of each unit of energy input. Using energy equivalent coefficients, total energy inputs in the form of renewable and non-renewable were estimated for the period of 2001–2019. Then, to obtain the Value of Marginal Product (VMP) of the inputs, the production functions of irrigated and dryland wheat for each province were estimated. The findings show that the average marginal product and the economic value of renewable energy in the production of dryland wheat is greater than the marginal product of these inputs in the production of irrigated wheat across all provinces. Conversely, the average VMP of non-renewable energy in irrigated wheat production is greater than the corresponding amount in dryland wheat production, with the exception of Kermanshah. Renewable energy in dryland wheat has an equal economic value of 0.18 USD/ha with non-renewable energy in irrigated wheat production. Moreover, the VMP of energy contributes to about half of the price of wheat. Finally, the economic value of energy in wheat production became lower after the implementation of the Targeted Subsidies Reform Act. However, raising the energy price simply led to a shrinking of farmers’ profit margins; no improvements were achieved in the economic value of energy.