AUTHOR=Khan Nasir Ali , Alzahrani Hassan , Bai Shibiao , Hussain Muhammad , Tayyab Muhammad , Ullah Safi , Ullah Kashif , Khalid Salman 

TITLE=Flood risk assessment in the Swat river catchment through GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Environmental Science

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1567796

DOI=10.3389/fenvs.2025.1567796

ISSN=2296-665X

ABSTRACT=Extreme climatic events, such as floods, are becoming increasingly frequent and severe worldwide, including in Pakistan. The Swat River Catchment (SRC), located in the eastern Hindukush region of Pakistan, is highly susceptible to flooding due to its unique geographical and climatic conditions. However, despite the region’s susceptibility, comprehensive flood risk assessments that integrate hazard, vulnerability, and exposure components remain limited. To address this gap, this study assesses flood risk in the SRC using 22 indicators distributed across the three core dimensions of flood risk: hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. Flood hazard was modeled using 11 indicators, broadly categorized into environmental, hydrological, and geographical aspects, while vulnerability was evaluated through socio-economic factors, geographical proximity, and land use characteristics. Exposure was analyzed based on population metrics and critical infrastructure. All data were converted into thematic layers in GIS, systematically weighted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and combined to produce hazard, vulnerability, and exposure maps respectively. These maps were then integrated through a risk equation to generate the final flood risk map. The results reveal that 31% of the study area is in a high flood risk zone, 27% in moderate risk zones, 23% in low risk, and 19% are safe areas. The results were validated using the Area Under the Curve (AUC) technique, yielding a value of 0.92, which indicates high reliability. By presenting the first integrated flood risk assessment for the SRC, this study provides valuable insights into flood-prone areas and risk distribution. These results highlight the urgent need for enhanced flood risk management, especially in urban areas. The developed methodology serves as a valuable tool for disaster management authorities and planners, helping them make risk-informed decisions, allocate resources efficiently, and implement targeted flood mitigation strategies.