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        <title>Frontiers in Ethology | Behavioral Development and Play section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ethology/sections/behavioral-development-and-play</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Behavioral Development and Play section in the Frontiers in Ethology journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
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        <pubDate>2026-05-15T14:29:23.437+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2025.1693993</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2025.1693993</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Ethology today: learning from the past, mapping the future]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-19T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Augusto Vitale</author><author>Giada Cordoni</author><author>Sergio Marcello Pellis</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2025.1539103</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2025.1539103</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Street smarts: a remarkable adaptation in a city-wintering raptor]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-05-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Vladimir Dinets</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionUrban birds have to adapt to their complex and challenging environment. In the present study, a particularly remarkable behavioral adaptation by Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperi) was observed.MethodsObservations were conducted visually in urban habitat in New Jersey, where Cooper’s hawks are mostly winter residents.ResultsAn immature Cooper’s hawk was observed hunting birds near a road intersection using queues of cars waiting for green light as cover. The queues grew sufficiently long only when pedestrian crossing regime was activated at the streetlight. The hawk apparently learned to prepare for attack when sound signals indicated the activation of pedestrian crossing regime.DiscussionThe observed behavior required having a mental map of the area and understanding the connection between the sound signals and the change in traffic pattern – a remarkable intellectual feat for a young bird that likely had just moved into the city. Such level of understanding and use of human traffic patterns by a wild animal has never been reported before.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2024.1458136</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2024.1458136</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effect of social play deprivation on stress sensitivity in response to social and non-social challenges]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-12-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>E. J. Marijke Achterberg</author><author>Jose G. Lozeman-van ‘t Klooster</author><author>Tara C. Pimentel</author><author>Anastasija Aleksić</author><author>Judith C. M. J. Hendriks</author><author>Sanne Nijhof</author><author>C. Kors van der Ent</author><author>Heidi M. B. Lesscher</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionSocial play behaviour facilitates the development of social, emotional and cognitive capacities, including resilience. Deprivation of social play in rats leads to alterations in anxiety, stress and social behaviour. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of social play deprivation, specifically on the responsivity to social and non-social challenges. We hypothesised that play deprivation leads to impairments in stress resilience later in life, particularly in social contexts. MethodsTo test this, play-deprived rats were compared with undeprived control rats for their responsivity to (1) a novel environment, (2) facing an aggressive male rat in its territory (resident-intruder test) and (3) an encounter with two unfamiliar conspecifics in a neutral, familiar environment (stranger encounter test). ResultsCorticosterone concentrations in response to these different stressors were comparable between play-deprived and control rats. Behavioural analysis revealed that play-deprived rats responded similar to undeprived controls when confronted with an aggressive rat in its territory. In the stranger encounter test, the unfamiliar strangers directed more play behaviour towards play-deprived animals than towards undeprived control animals. DiscussionTogether our results indicate that, except for subtle differences in play behaviour in a social challenging condition, play deprivation did not result in altered corticosterone responses to the different stressors. Our data add to the existing knowledge about the impact of social play for the development of resilient and social behaviour later in life.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2024.1403082</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2024.1403082</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The effects of play stimulation on cognitive capacities of chickens]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-06-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Claudia Zeiträg</author><author>Per Jensen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Play is a widespread phenomenon in the animal kingdom with observations from all vertebrate classes. The adaptive value of this behaviour, however, remains unclear. In the past century, numerous theories have been put forward, ranging from releasing surplus energy to training species-specific behaviours. However, none of these theories can fully explain the functions of play. A recent neurocognitive theory suggests that play allows the brain to encounter many different and surprising situations that provide it with opportunities to learn about the environment and form predictions about it. This theory has, however, to our knowledge, previously not been experimentally tested. To start exploring the connection between play and cognition, we compared the cognitive capacities of White Leghorn chicks that were stimulated to play in the first five weeks of their lives with chicks that did not receive any play stimulation. More specifically, we wanted to test the connection between specific types of play and cognitive domains. To achieve this, we designed two play treatments: object players that were provided with a variety of toys during their treatment, and social players that were released into an arena with plenty of space and conspecifics, as this has previously been shown to trigger social play. Subsequently, all three treatments (control, object players, social players) were tested in a cognitive test battery consisting of two experiments targeting the social domain and two targeting the physical domain. We found no improvement of cognitive capacities in either play treatment group compared to control subjects, though the social play treatment appears to have affected some behavioural variables recorded during the cognitive tests. Chicks that had played socially were in general bolder, more explorative and had more access to resources in the tests. This might subsequently allow them to exploit their environment more efficiently, which could in turn affect their welfare as they might be more resilient to stress and have more access to resources. More studies will be needed to assess the long-term effects of play on cognitive capacities and welfare of chickens.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2024.1410334</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2024.1410334</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Disruption of social play influences development of caution in juvenile ground squirrels]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-06-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>William J. Ryan</author><author>Marcello B. Kuan</author><author>Scott Nunes</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Play behavior is common in a range of mammalian species and can have important influences on early development. We evaluated possible influences of social play on the development of behavior along the caution/boldness continuum in juvenile Belding’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi). We disrupted juvenile squirrels engaged in play by walking toward them until their play interactions stopped. We used undisrupted juveniles and juveniles disrupted while not engaged in play as controls. Caution was measured with behavioral tests during which a human intruder walked toward a squirrel and recorded the distances at which the squirrel first noticed and then fled from the intruder. Rates of social play were lower and play bouts were shorter in play-disrupted juveniles than in undisrupted and nonplay-disrupted juveniles. The distances at which juveniles noticed and fled from an intruder increased across the developmental period in which play primarily occurs, suggesting increases in caution across this interval. Increases in the distances to notice and flee from an intruder did not differ between undisrupted and nonplay-disrupted juveniles, but were greater in these groups than in play-disrupted juveniles. These results are consistent with social play behavior contributing to the development of cautious responses in juvenile U. beldingi.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2024.1392378</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2024.1392378</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Male chicks play more than females – sex differences in chicken play ontogeny]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-05-02T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Rebecca Oscarsson</author><author>Per Jensen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Play indicates positive affective states and can therefore potentially be used as an indicator of positive welfare. Sex differences in play has been reported in many mammalian species, but in birds, this is still to be explored. It is known that young chickens perform play behavior during their early ontogeny, but potential sex differences have not previously been addressed. Therefore, we aimed to investigate potential sex effects on play ontogeny in young chickens, by comparing play occurrence in young males and females of a commercial hybrid of White Leghorn. Eighteen chicks of each sex were hatched in the same incubator and then housed in sex-separated groups. Six groups of three chicks each were randomly created for each sex, and the same three chicks were then moved to enriched play arenas twice per week, from day 6 until day 53 post hatch. The frequency of different play behaviors, categorized as locomotor play, social play and object play were recorded during 30 min on each observation day. Each group of three birds constituted the independent statistical replicate. Males played significantly more than females, due to more social and object play, whereas for locomotor play, no difference was found between the sexes. In conclusion, clear sex differences in play in chickens was demonstrated, and this may be linked to the highly sexually dimorphic behavior of adult cockerels and hens. Further research is needed to elucidate the relationships between type and frequency of play in chicks and later behavior as adults.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2024.1362052</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2024.1362052</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Play fighting revisited: its design features and how they shape our understanding of its mechanisms and functions]]></title>
        <pubdate>2024-04-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Sergio M. Pellis</author><author>Vivien C. Pellis</author><author>Jackson R. Ham</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Play fighting has been one of the most intensely studied forms of play and so has provided some of our deepest insights into the understanding of play in general. As the label implies, this behavior resembles serious fighting, in that the animals compete for an advantage over one another, but unlike true aggression, for play fighting to remain playful, it also incorporates a degree of cooperation and reciprocity – restrained competition seems to be its hallmark. Despite these common features, it should be noted that both the advantage competed over and the mechanisms by which restraint is achieved varies across species. Such variation mitigates simple generalities. For example, how empirical support for a proposed adaptive function in one species not being replicated in another, is to be interpreted. What has emerged over the past few decades is that play fighting is diverse, varying across several dimensions, some superficial, some fundamental, making choosing species to compare a challenge. In this paper, we explore various design features that constitute play fighting and the ways these can be modified across different species and lineages of species. Given that a major pillar of ethology is that description precedes explanation, having a good grasp of the behavioral diversity of play fighting is an essential starting point for detailed analyses of the mechanisms and functions of play. We show that commonalities across species likely involve different mechanisms than do species idiosyncrasies, and that different styles of play fighting likely afford different adaptive opportunities.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2023.1219977</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2023.1219977</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A large-scale study on the nocturnal behavior of African ungulates in zoos and its influencing factors]]></title>
        <pubdate>2023-07-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jennifer Gübert</author><author>Max Hahn-Klimroth</author><author>Paul W. Dierkes</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe nocturnal behavior of many ungulate species has currently not been sufficiently studied. However, the behavioral patterns of large herbivores vary greatly between day and night, and knowledge about species’ behavior is not only scientifically interesting, but also required for successful animal management and husbandry.Material and methodsIn the current study, the nocturnal behavior of 196 individuals of 19 ungulate species in 20 European zoos is studied, providing the first description of the nocturnal behavior of some of the species. The importance of a wide range of possible factors influencing nocturnal behavior is discussed. Specifically, the behavioral states of standing and lying were analyzed, evaluating the proportion and number of phases in each behavior. The underlying data consist of 101,629 h of video material from 9,239 nights. A deep learning-based software package named Behavioral Observations by Videos and Images Using Deep-Learning Software (BOVIDS) was used to analyze the recordings. The analysis of the influencing factors was based on random forest regression and Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) analysis.ResultsThe results indicate that age, body size, and feeding type are the most important factors influencing nocturnal behavior across all species. There are strong differences between the zebra species and the observed Cetartiodactyla as well as white rhinos. The main difference is that zebras spend significantly less time in a lying position than Cetartiodactyla.DiscussionOverall, the results fit well into the sparse existing literature and the data can be considered a valid reference for further research and might help to assess animal's welfare in zoos.]]></description>
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