AUTHOR=Ma Xiangguang , Wang Zhiwei , Tian Bin , Sun Hang 

TITLE=Phylogeographic Analyses of the East Asian Endemic Genus Prinsepia and the Role of the East Asian Monsoon System in Shaping a North-South Divergence Pattern in China

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Genetics

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2019.00128

DOI=10.3389/fgene.2019.00128

ISSN=1664-8021

ABSTRACT=<p><italic>Prinsepia</italic> Royle (Rosaceae) is a genus native to China and the Himalayan region. In order to explain its current fragmented distribution pattern and to compare the impact of relatively recent climate changes on the genetic structure of <italic>Prinsepia</italic> species in different regions of China, a total of 66 populations and 617 individuals of four species of <italic>Prinsepia</italic> were genotyped, using three cpDNA markers. Meanwhile, phylogenetic reconstructions and divergence dating were conducted using the cpDNA haplotypes dataset and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) dataset, respectively. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) was performed to predict the potential distribution of each species of <italic>Prinsepia</italic> at present and during the Last Glacial Maximum. Both ITS and cpDNA gene trees support a north-south divergence of <italic>Prinsepia</italic> species in China. The divergence time of the northern and southern Clades occurred around the late Oligocene epoch. Combining the present distribution of <italic>Prinsepia</italic> species and their habitats, we inferred that the transition to a monsoon climate system in East Asia during the late Oligocene epoch, created a humid forest vegetation zone from central to East China, which potentially gave rise to the north-south divergence of <italic>Prinsepia</italic> species. Both regional climates and allopatric divergence may have played an important role in the speciation of <italic>P. sinensis</italic> and <italic>P. uniflora</italic>. <italic>P. sinensis</italic> had the lowest genetic diversity and a putative northward post-glacial colonization. The distribution range of <italic>P. uniflora</italic> was also extremely sensitive to interglacial-glacial cycles. <italic>P. utilis</italic> from southwestern China preserved more haplotypes than <italic>P. sinensis</italic> and <italic>P. uniflora</italic> due to its multiple and isolated refugia.</p>