While rare diseases are classified as diseases affecting less than 1 in 2000 people, three major classifications exist: more common, less common, and ultra-rare ones. With a prevalence, estimated as 1 in 10 million, Brody Disease is one of the ultra-rare diseases. To our knowledge, only 33 Brody families with 47 patients have been reported in the literature so far (Braz et al., 2019; Bruels et al., 2019; Molenaar et al., 2020; Brugnoni et al., 2021; Saat and Sahin, 2021; Velardo et al., 2023; Walia and Su, 2023).

Brody Disease is an autosomal recessive myopathy caused by pathogenic variants in the ATP2A1 (ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ transporting 1) (OMIM: # 108730) in which patients experience muscle stiffness after exercise, myalgia, and muscle cramps (Molenaar et al., 2020).

The underlying pathology of the disease arises from the difficulty in removing Ca²⁺ from intracellular space for muscle relaxation. The motor unit, composed of motor neurons and muscle fibers, is the core region of muscle movement, and skeletal muscles are innervated by alpha motor neurons. For a healthy movement, there is a well-established balance between the contraction and relaxation of the muscles. At the physiological level, the synaptic connection between the motor neuron and muscle is called the neuromuscular junction, in which the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released from the alpha motor neuron, leading to the formation of an action potential that initiates muscle contraction. At the cellular level, upon the transmission of the action potential, Ca²⁺ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, increasing the [Ca²⁺] level in the intracellular space, leading to muscle contraction. Relaxation, on the other hand, occurs once the Ca²⁺ is pumped back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Transportation of Ca²⁺ to the sarcoplasmic reticulum is performed by a calcium pump named SERCA (sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase). SERCA, which is the most abundant protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, hydrolyzes ATP per two molecules of Ca²⁺ transported (Koeppen and Stanton, 2023).

SERCA1, a muscle-specific protein, has two splice variants, SERCA1a, present in adults, and neonatal SERCA1b, containing 994 and 1,001 aminoacids, respectively (Wuytack et al., 2002; Xu and Van Remmen, 2021). It is mainly expressed in fast-twitch muscles (Xu and Van Remmen, 2021), also called type 2 muscle fibers (Molenaar et al., 2020). ATP2A1 encodes SERCA1 protein, which plays a role in muscle relaxation by removing Ca²⁺ from the cytosol (Guglielmi et al., 2013).

The first patient described by Brody in 1969 was a 26-year-old male patient with the prominent symptom of muscle stiffness, especially after strenuous and rapid activities. The patient had no family history of the disease; his first memory was an unexplained fall at the age of five as his muscles got stiffened during a foot race (Brody, 1969).

Here, we report a Turkish male patient with Brody Disease whose parents are first-degree cousins.

The patient is a 36-year-old male, referred to the Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, KUTTAM, Koç University Hospital for genetic analysis from the Neurology Department of Akdeniz University Hospital School of Medicine. He is the second child of first-degree consanguineous parents. His initial complaints started at the age of 14–15, with severe muscle pain while playing football. The current symptoms of the patient with an athletic appearance include mild progressive muscle weakness in lower extremities, left prominent bilateral exotropia, cramps, pain and stiffness in muscles, cold-induced myalgias, and an elevated creatine kinase (CK: 630 IU/L). The MRC sum score is 54 (N = 60). Moderate myopathic changes were observed in the lower extremity proximal muscles on EMG. Silent cramps were not observed, and there was not a significant change in repetitive nerve stimulation. Spontaneous denervation potentials or myotonic discharges were not observed. Sensory and motor conduction velocities were within normal limits. The alpha-glucosidase level was found to be normal. The patient was started on steroids 2 years before the genetic diagnosis. Although the treatment provided some relief from his symptoms, a hip prosthesis was implanted due to aseptic necrosis of the femoral head.

Informed written consent was obtained from the patient as well as from his family members. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood using Qiagen EZ1 Advanced XL. Whole exome sequencing was performed (Macrogen, Amsterdam) for the index case. WES raw data was processed using the SEQ Platform (Genomize, Istanbul, Turkey), and the data was analyzed at NDAL. The following filtering criteria were applied: OMIM-related genes, minor allele frequency (MAF) < 1%, destructive, missense, and splice region variants. The pathogenicity of the homozygous ATP2A1 variant detected was evaluated by in silico tools. Subsequently, segregation analysis using Sanger sequencing was performed. The pathogenic variant was numbered according to the transcript NM_004320.4, and was submitted to ClinVar (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/464089/Accession: SCV004023391.1).

Since Brody’s identification of the disease 54 years ago, only 47 patients in 33 families have been identified, demonstrating the extreme rareness of the disease. Here, we define the clinical and genetic findings in a Turkish Brody Disease patient.

In general, the first symptoms of Brody Disease manifest in the first decade; however, patients may not feel the urge to consult a physician for several years. In the literature, patients described so far usually have the onset during childhood. Still, their diagnosis is delayed for several years, presumably due to the mild progression of the disease, as well as its rarity and thus ignorance. Also, in our patient, from the first symptoms (describing severe muscle pain at the age of 14–15 while playing football) to the molecular diagnosis, more than 20 years have passed. Owing to the mild course of the disease, the patient describes his complaints as being around for 4–5 years only. However, his first diagnosis was initially put around the age of 18 when he was excluded from the military service because of his muscle-related complaints. Yet, another 16 years had to pass until the patient was referred to our center for molecular testing with the preliminary diagnosis of Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD). His muscle disease was reported as mildly progressive, with major complaints in his knees, ankles, and hips. The patient has undergone femur surgery, he now has a one-sided hip prosthesis. Although malignant hyperthermia was observed in a few Brody Disease patients (Molenaar et al., 2020), our patient did not manifest malignant hyperthermia during the surgery.

The missense mutation identified (c.428G>A; p.Arg143Gln) is in the actuator domain of the protein. Eight mutations in 10 families comprising 15 patients have been reported in this domain so far (10 index cases and 5 affected siblings). Twelve out of fifteen had an onset in the childhood/first decade, and there was a male predominance. Demographic and clinical characteristics of all patients with a mutation in the actuator domain are compiled in Table 2.

In total, there are 41 distinct mutations in the ATP2A1 in 34 families worldwide, including our family; 28 mutations located in the different domains of SERCA1 are shown in Figure 2A. The mutations seem to be rare and almost family-private. In the actuator domain, eight variants were identified in 10 index cases; only two of these were redundant. Out of 10 index cases with a mutation in the actuator domain, seven are homozygous, whereas, in three patients, it is in a compound heterozygous state.

So far, three Brody families from Turkey, including our case, with three different mutations have been described. All three families have distinct mutations. The first family is Kurdish, with six children, three of whom are affected. The two older brothers were described by Benders et al. (1994), and their pathogenic variant was identified by Odermatt et al. (1996) (c.592C>T; p.Arg198*). A 5-year-old male patient with muscle weakness and delayed development was reported by Saat and Sahin (2021) in a cohort study with hereditary myopathies (c.2029G>A; p.Ala677Thr). To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first description of the p.Arg143Gln missense mutation in biallelic state. The patient originating from the Southeastern part of Turkey has Kurdish ethnicity. As in the above two families, the pathogenic variant is present in homozygous form, the result of close consanguinity, very commonly practiced in this part of the country.

The male patient defined by Molenaar et al. (2020) harbored the same variant (c.428G>A; p.Arg143Gln) in a compound heterozygous state in trans with c.1317_1318del; p.Glu439Aspfs*80. Similar to our patient and to other Brody Disease cases, there is a long diagnostic odyssey between symptom onset and definite diagnosis. Table 1 compares the demographic, clinical, and genetic features of both patients. In our patient, the earlier disease onset and higher CK level, compared to Molenaar’s patient, may be the result of the homozygous effect, e.g., double dosage of the variant, or other modifying factors may also have contributed.

Molenaar et al. (2020) reported exercise-induced muscle stiffness in all patients and increase of symptoms when exposed to cold in majority of patients. Our patient’s complaints are consistent with the reported findings, as he frequently expresses exercise-induced muscle stiffness and cold-induced myalgia. Muscle relaxation issues are commonly observed in Brody patients, which are related to the Ca²⁺ removal difficulty from intracellular space. While RYR1 (ryanodine receptor 1) works by releasing Ca²⁺, SERCA1 works by removing Ca²⁺, both are fundamental in muscle contraction and relaxation (Figure 2B).

Eyelid muscle can also be affected in Brody Disease patients as Molenaar et al. (2020) reported delayed relaxation of eyelids i) after repetitive contraction in 61% and ii) after sustained contraction in 59% of total known cases. Although our case does not experience delayed relaxation of eyelids, he has left prominent bilateral exotropia, which developed during the disease course (Figure 2C). Toğrul et al. (2021) conducted a study with the extraocular muscles of patients who had strabismus surgery vs. healthy controls (corneal transplant donors) aiming to compare calcium adenosine 5′-triphosphatase (Ca²⁺-ATPase) enzyme activity and found that the enzyme activity is lower in the strabismus surgery patients. This finding, as well as the healthy appearance of eyes before disease onset, could indicate that the detected exotropia in our patient might be related to Brody Disease.

Today, there are still no treatment options for most rare diseases, and this also includes Brody Disease. The two drugs, verapamil and dantrolene, with limited therapeutic benefit, work by inhibiting the RYR1 channel and the dihydropyridine receptor, but are not without side effects. Animal models are crucial to enlighten disease-related mechanisms and to discover potential therapeutic candidates. Akyurek et al. (2021) demonstrated Chianina cattle congenital pseudomyotonia as a true counterpart animal model for Brody Disease and a novel pharmacological approach was introduced by the same group.

In the era of gene-based/molecular therapies, a firm differential diagnosis using next-generation technologies as the gold standard is inevitable since not only currently available symptomatic and palliative treatment options will be more precisely applied but also current and future therapies will be designed on molecular findings. In the decade of emerging genetic therapies, the routine testing of patients with myopathies becomes a prerequisite and is not curiosity-driven research anymore. We have all reasons to be optimistic for our rare (disease) patients.