AUTHOR=Suarez Estela , Bockelmann Hendryk , Eicker Norbert , Eitzinger Jan , El Sayed Salem , Fieseler Thomas , Frank Martin , Frech Peter , Giesselmann Pay , Hackenberg Daniel , Hager Georg , Herten Andreas , Ilsche Thomas , Koller Bastian , Laure Erwin , Manzano Cristina , Oeste Sebastian , Ott Michael , Reuter Klaus , Schneider Ralf , Thust Kay , von St. Vieth Benedikt 

TITLE=Energy-aware operation of HPC systems in Germany

JOURNAL=Frontiers in High Performance Computing

VOLUME=Volume 3 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/high-performance-computing/articles/10.3389/fhpcp.2025.1520207

DOI=10.3389/fhpcp.2025.1520207

ISSN=2813-7337

ABSTRACT=High Performance Computing (HPC) systems are among the most energy-intensive scientific facilities, with electric power consumption reaching and often exceeding 20 Megawatts per installation. Unlike other major scientific infrastructures such as particle accelerators or high-intensity light sources, which are few around the world, the number and size of supercomputers are continuously increasing. Even if every new system generation is more energy efficient than the previous one, the overall growth in size of the HPC infrastructure, driven by a rising demand for computational capacity across all scientific disciplines, and especially by Artificial Intelligence (AI) workloads, rapidly drives up the energy demand. This challenge is particularly significant for HPC centers in Germany, where high electricity costs, stringent national energy policies, and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability are key factors. This paper describes various state-of-the-art strategies and innovations employed to enhance the energy efficiency of HPC systems within the national context. Case studies from leading German HPC facilities illustrate the implementation of novel heterogeneous hardware architectures, advanced monitoring infrastructures, high-temperature cooling solutions, energy-aware scheduling, and dynamic power management, among other optimisations. By reviewing best practices and ongoing research, this paper aims to share valuable insight with the global HPC community, motivating the pursuit of more sustainable and energy-efficient HPC architectures and operations.